What can you learn from source A about Chamberlain’s policy towards Germany?

Source A tells me that Chamberlain did not want to go to war with Germany because he thought Germany was a power to be reckoned with, especially since she had Italy's support. He feared that if it came to war Italy could take advantage of its position in the Mediterranean to attack British territory there (such as Gibraltar) and more importantly stop British shipping to and from her empire, which was very important to Britain. It also shows that Chamberlain thought that if it came to war, Hitler could hurt France where she was weakest. Because the source is an unofficial, private document it can accurately show us Chamberlain's opinion, and though it gives us a good idea of his intent, it does not properly show us his official policy. The source shows that Chamberlain did not think Britain's armaments were strong enough to stand against Germany's, and that therefore they must buy time to build up arms, just in case. It also tells me that Chamberlain felt that the dictators could still be reasoned with and were not devoid of any honour or reasonableness, and that he still held some hope of coming to an agreement to suit everybody. He thought that if he appeased Hitler and Mussolini by helping to fix their grievances, they would be happy and the peace of Europe would be assured. 2) Study A and B. In what ways does source B add to your understanding of Chamberlain's foreign policy? (6) Source B shows me that Chamberlain genuinely believed that even if Britain and France did act, nothing could save Czechoslovakia from being taken over by the Germans if they wanted to do it. He knew that Czechoslovakia was hemmed in on 3 sides by Germany and believed that Germany had every tactical and military advantage around Czechoslovakia, and Russia could not help either because she was too far away. Source B supports source A in that Source B shows me that Chamberlain still thought that Germany was too strong for Britain and France to take on, and that to protect Czechoslovakia would be tantamount to declaring out-and-out war on Germany, which he was strongly against because he thought that Britain had no chance of an easy and quick victory. The source shares with source A the idea that Chamberlain was unwilling to risk going hastily into a war against a major power, which would cost British money and lives and if, as he thought, Britain was not ready, it could mean a repeat of the extended conflict of the first world war, which everyone was keen to avoid. Chamberlain makes it clear in his diary (source B) that he did not think that it was all worth it over one small country that he thought could probably not be saved anyway. Source B like source A is private and unofficial and therefore shows just what Chamberlain is really thinking, more so than A because it is his diary, presumably intended at the time only for him. 3) Study C and D. In what ways does the evidence of these sources help you to understand Chamberlain's attitude towards Hitler? (10) The author of Source C was a British ambassador and Chamberlain's main source of information in Germany, and as such Chamberlain must have trusted his views as a high-ranking British dignitary who had been living in Germany probably some time. However, it is possible that Henderson had come around to the German point of view from living there so long and is writing his own opinion, which is biased, as is apparent from his comment in C about how he dislikes the Czechs. If he really had come round to the German point of view, then it is possible that he felt for Germany and like many Germans, considered that Hitler could ‘make Germany great again'. If this were true, it would mean either that Henderson actually believed that Hitler was reasonable, or that he deliberately misled Chamberlain about Hitler's intent. Alternatively, officials he had spoken to in the German government may simply have misled Henderson. The Germans knew that he was Britain's main source of information and they may have decided to use him to convince Chamberlain that Germany was stronger than she was and that Hitler was open to options other than going to war, thus encouraging him to put off war by appeasement. In source C Henderson leads Chamberlain to believe that Hitler does not really wish to go to war if he has to, as war would help the opponents of Hitler and Nazism, but it would be disastrous for Germany. He implies that Hitler is reasonable and open to negotiation. If Henderson had not been corrupted by Hitler, then source C contains Henderson's genuine idea of what Hitler must have been thinking, but as it turned out, his assessment of the situation was wrong. Henderson's reports, whether genuinely what he thought or not, must have influenced Chamberlain to think that Hitler was a reasonable man who did not want war any more than Chamberlain himself. This would have simply built upon the view Chamberlain already had that Hitler had some sense of honour. Chamberlain was from a business background in Birmingham and must have found it hard to believe that the leader of a nation could be so duplicitous as Hitler eventually revealed himself to be. Source D shows us this exact trust Chamberlain had in Hitler – even though he did not like the look of him, Chamberlain still had faith that Hitler's word meant something and that Hitler's policies were only directed towards uniting all the German speaking peoples, not just getting all the territory he could. Because Chamberlain believed what he said in source D, and believed Hitler when he said he would be satisfied with the Sudetenland and not ask any more territory in Europe, he convinced France and Czechoslovakia to submit to the German occupation of the Sudetenland. ) Study E, F, G and H. What can you work out from these sources about: i) The demands made by Hitler (6) The very fact that Britain and France were willing to agree to Hitler's demands at all shows that his first demands (Czechoslovakia handing over to Germany the parts of the Sudetenland comprised of over 50% Germans) were not perceived by the governments of Britain and France to be altogether too much to ask, and that they believed that he was genuine in his insistence that it was all he would take from Europe. The fact that they were so eager for a reply to the statement in source E and were so ready to give up Czechoslovakia to Germany shows how insistent Hitler was that he got his way. This is corroborated by the fact that Germany put a lot of pressure on Czechoslovakia to agree to Hitler's demands; this could be the â€Å"unheard of pressure† of source F. Chamberlain was so convinced that giving in to Hitler's demands was the way to peace that Britain and France even refused to support Czechoslovakia at all if she didn't capitulate completely in the matter of the Sudetenland. However, source G shows us that Hitler was not to be trusted and as soon as Chamberlain had got Czechoslovakia and France to agree, he changed his demands to more unreasonable ones, which Hitler hoped would ultimately insure the disintegration of Czechoslovakia, by taking large amounts of land from her. These demands were completely unreasonable, even for the peacemaker Chamberlain, and only when Britain and France threatened to go to war did Hitler reduce his demands a little, although his demands mentioned in source G are so unreasonable it could almost be said he was deliberately aiming high so when he was forced to compromise he would get the better deal. Source H shows that Hitler could feel confident about making these demands as Chamberlain was still set upon peace despite all he had seen Hitler capable of. Chamberlain makes clear in this speech that he thinks all Hitler is after is Czechoslovakia and that Britain will not go to war just to protect one small country. ii) Relations between Britain and Czechoslovakia in September 1938? (6) When Hitler made his first demands of Chamberlain, Chamberlain agreed and then informed Czechoslovakia (source E), even though it would severely weaken Czechoslovakia (a state that Britain had helped to set up). Britain and France practically forced her to agree to Hitler's demands, going so far as to refuse to support her if she did not. The Czechoslovak government was not even consulted in the future of its own country, which as source F shows was hurtful to the Czechs. Czechoslovakia could not even defend herself from her enemy because she had been let down by her friends. Czechoslovakia must have felt pressured into agreeing and very disillusioned with and even betrayed by France, its so-called ally; and Britain, France's ally and one of the upholders of the Treaty of Versailles. As source G shows, when Hitler came up with his next outrageous demands, Czechoslovakia balked and refused point blank to agree, and the feelings of the Czechoslovak government are expressed to the British government in source G in no uncertain terms. Czechoslovakia may have had some hope in Britain's support when she promised to support France in a war against Germany, although this soon faded after the Munich agreement. Source H shows that Chamberlain was still trying to uphold peace despite Hitler's continually changing demands, and evidently still thought that it was worth sacrificing Czechoslovakia on the altar of peace. ) Study I, J and K. â€Å"The Munich agreement was very popular in Britain†. Use the evidence of the sources, and your own knowledge, to explain whether you agree with this view. (8) I agree with this view to a point. The Munich agreement was certainly popular with many people, especially the generations who had been through the Great War. They knew what it was to fight in terrible conditions or to lose a loved one in the war. The First World War was called ‘the war to end all wars' and nobody wanted to go through it all again. This view is supported by source I, which is from a quality paper and written by the editor, who is presumably an educated person who knows what they're talking about. The bad memories of the previous war would put the public in favour of avoiding another war if it could be possibly helped, so the peacemaking Chamberlain with his slogan from Benjamin Disraeli: ‘Peace in our time' was well received by many. The Munich agreement, which guaranteed that Germany and Britain would not go to war in the future, seemed to sort out everyone's worries. Source J shows a crowd outside 10, Downing Street, who look like they are there to support Chamberlain. However this is not really indicative of the agreement's popularity as photographs can be deceptive, and Downing Street is not actually that wide a street so the crowd appears bigger than it is. Most of the generation who were making the decisions for Britain (the politicians and diplomats) had experienced the war and this may have influenced them and their decisions in favour of appeasement and the Munich agreement. The government also feared that if war broke out, thousands of civilians could be killed by bombing raids. Also the British army was not strong enough to handle another big war at that time. People like the author of source I did not want to involve Britain in European affairs again, as they thought it was nothing to do with Britain. Many, like Henderson in source K, felt that Chamberlain had done something special in making Hitler agree to peace and so supported the Munich agreement because they thought it was a great feat of negotiation and diplomacy on Chamberlain's part. Source K shows that at least one person thought that what Chamberlain did was the only option in the circumstances. Many British people felt sorry for the Germans because the Treaty of Versailles was so harsh and felt that they had been unfairly treated. Many could sympathise with the desire to bring the German-speaking people together. People did not even disagree wholly with Germany claiming the Sudetenland, as it was thought of as practically a part of Germany anyway – both geographically and culturally. However, being in favour of the Munich agreement was far from universal and it had many critics. They thought that Germany was being allowed to become too powerful, breaking treaty after treaty and getting away with it. They thought Germany would not stop at just Czechoslovakia, and she would eventually become a power strong enough to threaten the British Empire. Winston Churchill was one of the critics of the Munich agreement and appeasement in general. 6) Study all the sources. The writer of source K believed that war was only avoided in 1938 because of the courage of Chamberlain. Use the sources and your own knowledge to explain whether you agree with this view. (10) I agree with this view to the point that I would say the fact that war was avoided in 1938 was mostly because of Chamberlain. It was Chamberlain's insistency on trying to appease the dictators at all costs that brought the Munich agreement about. It was Chamberlain who convinced France to support him in encouraging Czechoslovakia to agree to Hitler's demands (as in source C), and eventually almost forcing them into it by refusing to support Czechoslovakia at all should it come to fighting. Although Chamberlain says in source D to his sister that he thinks Hitler is to be trusted, and I think he means what he says because it is a personal, private letter, by the time of the Munich agreement he must have had some idea of what Hitler was like as he had broken his word and gone back on their agreement of the 15th of September only days before, which as source G shows was very damaging and humiliating to the Czechs. Yet still he went ahead and in effect signed Czechoslovakia over to the Germans without even inviting the Czechs to join the conference. Either this is the move of a very stupid and naive man in still believing that Hitler would not make further attempts to get territory for Germany, or Chamberlain was taking a calculated risk to give Britain more time to protect herself from Germany, not caring about Czechoslovakia. As source B shows, Chamberlain was not willing to take the risk of going to war in 1938 just to protect one small country. Source A shows us that as early as January 1938 Chamberlain was thinking about building up British armaments. I think that the lack of war in1938 was due to Chamberlain although I would not call it courage. He made the agreement because he was convinced that the British public wanted peace more than anything (source J shows that at least some of them did). He was afraid of what another war would do to Britain if she were not ready, especially since the Spanish civil war in which the German Condor Legion decimated the Basque town of Guernica. Chamberlain was excessively afraid of German air strength as he was unfamiliar with the effects of bombing and feared that London could become another Guernica, with hundreds of thousands of casualties. It was thought that the entire German Luftwaffe would head for Britain as soon as war broke out and people greatly overestimated its size and strength. However optimistic Chamberlain chose to be, he must have known that if Britain continued to get involved in Europe's affairs then sooner or later she would have to fight Germany. Although war was avoided in 1938 it was not avoided altogether and if anything it convinced Hitler that Britain was soft and irresolute and would do nothing by force to stop his further conquest of Europe. This meant that he persevered in his plans to expand Germany without worrying about Britain.

Participative Leadership Essay

In taking the online quiz required for this assignment I found myself to be a participative leader. This type of leader fits me perfectly and I was not surprised to see the answer. I try to engage each team member in identifying necessary goals and developing procedures or strategies for reaching those goals . Nursing management is a challenging and difficult task. The style of the manager can be important for employees’ as well as other members of the healthcare team’s acceptance of change and in motivating them to achieve a high quality of care. From this view, participative leadership can be seen as a leadership approach that relies greatly on the leader functioning as a facilitator and mentor rather than simply issue orders or make assignments. Participative leadership theories recommend that the model guidance approach is one that takes the involvement of each member of the team concerned into consideration. I encourage participation and contribution from members of the group. This helps them feel more significant and committed to the decision-making process. In participative leadership, however, the leader retains the right to allow the participation of others and eventually has the final say for the best interest of the group and entice teamwork. Teamwork is established through effective communication and a shared vision that reinforces an environment of collaboration with a constant free-flow of ideas. The leader must communicate a clear vision of where the organization is headed and how the team is going to attain this goal. I find myself trying to take complete control and responsibility for the team. I have a hard time letting go and giving in to new ideas. I need to develop better listening and compromising skills. I am not a shy or quiet spoken person/leader. I do think I am fair, honest and take pride in maintain integrity. Taking a different approach and keeping an open mind would be a good place for me to start. I most definitely will be watching for the leadership skills needed for advanced practice nurses in my clinical phase of courses. I am open to suggestions now as a leader in management in my current role. I feel it is always most important to do what is safe for the patients, the team and the organization. I am always watching the leaders of my organization and picking up skills I see as note worthy. Unfortunately, each organizations has leaders with attributes that should not be a part of leadership qualities. The most important quality that a leader can possess is honesty. The process of becoming a leader starts with honesty and builds into a trusting relationship between leader and followers. If this quality is lacking no amount of team building will be successful. Honesty is the building block of any healthy relationship. â€Å"Honesty is the most powerful weapon in business† (Fralic, 2011, p. 447). â€Å"Leaders must have a sense of one’s own character and be able to accept no less than what is beneficial for the whole group†(Fralic, 2011, p. 447) In order to function with total honesty and integrity each leader must have the mind set of what is beneficial for the whole group not just the select few or the leader (Fowler, 2010).

The History of Chair Design (18th century to current) Case Study

The History of Chair Design (18th century to current) - Case Study Example A chair refers to a structure, which is raised from the surface, is stable, and is commonly used by one person to sit (Dampierre 5). The actual and historic sense of the term chair is the fact that it is supported by mostly three or four legs and has a back. However, the chair can have a different shape depending on the chair’s specifications criteria. Even though it has been stated that a chair has a back, some form of chairs such as stool do not have a back. Chairs do have various designs depending on the culture and the surrounding environment. The chair design may have drilled holes for decoration, low gaps or back for ventilation, or may be made of porous materials (Greene 21). The history of chair is as old as the history of humankind; chairs have been used in many centuries. Although chair is of extreme simplicity and antiquity, for many years it was used more as an article or item of dignity and state especially among the kings. However, this has changed over time with chair becoming a structure of ordinary use. It is undisputable that chair design has evolved in terms of design and technology. Therefore, this discussion will focus on the history of chair design in particular reference from the 18th century to the current. To begin with, it is important to consider the essence of design in chair just like in any other article or structure. Chair design puts into consideration the intended purpose and usage of the chair, stackability, weight, stain resistance, foldability, artistic design, durability, and ergonomics, which emphasizes on how comfortable the occupant of the chair is. The seating position of the occupant is determined by the intended usage (Fiell 15-16). As such, there are various designs for intended usage. For instance, easy chairs are most suitable for entertainment activities such as watching movies or television, task chairs are designed for specific persons depending on the nature of their work. Therefore, the essence of chair design is to ensure that certain purposes are met in addition to facilitating that the occupant of the chair is comfortable. The logic behind ergonomic design is to ensure that the occupant’s weight is distributed to different parts of the body. Chair design should therefore be in such a way that it does not compromise the occupants comfort and performance of tasks. Factors such as the height of the seat are very important and needs to be considered during the designing of chair (Fiell 28). This is because a chair, which is higher, may lead to feet dangling thus increasing pressure on the knees’ underside. On the other hand, a lower chair may result to shifting of too much weight towards the seat bones. The period from 18th century to current has witnessed major innovations about chair designs. Wood workers played a very critical role in these innovations. The most notable one is Thomas Chippendale who even left his own design marks the history of chair. The chairs by Chippendale were designed artistically; legs, splats, and carved back pieces were proportioned well. Most of Chippendale’s chairs have either square legs or cabriole. Chippendale design dominated most of the 18th century. The design reflected the some of the English tastes of that time and incorporated Chinese, Gothic, and English motifs (Raizman 9). The cabriole leg was Chippendale’s signature form. The cabriole design mostly employed the Queen Anne- style. There are six different Chippendale style legs namely-

Ea, E., Itzhaki, M., Ehezrenfeld, M., & Fitzpatrick, J. (2012) Assignment

Ea, E., Itzhaki, M., Ehezrenfeld, M., & Fitzpatrick, J. (2012). Acculturation among immigrant nurses in Israel and the United S - Assignment Example Who participated or contributed data? The study involved the participation of 50 FSU nurses who are undergoing the process of completing an 18-months educational program at a training school in Israel to become professional registered nurses (RNs), and currently serving as practical nurses. All the participants have an experience in working with the FSU as well as old age homes. A Short Acculturation Scale for Filipino Americans (ASASFA) and demographic questionnaires were administered to 141 Filipino RNs. What methods were used to collect data? Acculturation was conducted through the use of A Short Acculturation Scale for Filipino Americans. A t-test was then conducted to identify the variability in acculturation between the two groups. Data was collected by use of questionnaires which were administered to the 50 FSU nurses. Convenience sampling technique was used in the recruitment of the Filipino RNs attending a national convention organized by Philippines Nurses Association of Am erican. ASASFA was used to determine acculturation among Filipino RNs. The translated version was used to assess the FSU nurses. Was an intervention tested? No intervention was tested. What were the main findings? All FSU nurses were female with 68 per cent of them being married, 18% not married and the rest divorced. The age range of the participants was from 25 to 49 years with a mean of 34 years. The average length of residence in Israel was found to be 9.6 years. 66% of the participants reported average income, 32% reported low income while 2% reported high income. The purchasing power parity of the FSU nurses was found to be reasonable. An analysis of the Filipino RNs showed that 86.5% were female and 68.8% married. They had a group mean age of 45 years, 92.9% have a baccalaureate degree in nursing and an annual income of more than $60 000. Their average length of USA residency is 18 years. The acculturation mean for all FSU nurses was 2.15 out of 5 with a standard deviation of 0.39. The Filipino RNs group acculturation mean was found out to be 3 with a standard deviation of 0.39. The t-test confirmed the presence of a significant difference in acculturation between the two groups i.e. 11.30. The results indicate that the acculturation level of the Filipino RNs leaned towards the host culture. However, the FSU nurses portrayed an acculturation that is close to their original culture than the Israel culture. A high acculturation mean between the Filipino RNs indicates that they were comfortable with the use of the host’s language in all aspects of interactions. They were also comfortable with interacting with the members of the host culture. Credibility Is the study published in a source that required peer review? Yes X No ___Not sure ___ The publishing of the study in an article that requires peer review portrays the standard and credible nature of the results. Was the design used appropriate to the research questions? Yes X No ___Not sure ___ The descriptive design and convenience sampling was appropriate for answering the research questions. The researchers were interested in exploring acculturation differences between immigrant nurses in Israel and the United States of America. Did the data obtained and the analysis conducted answers the research ques

Nursing Pharm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Pharm - Essay Example maintain the desired anticoagulation effects, heparin must also be administered by intravenous infusion regulated by an infusion pump (Peterson et al., 2008). The therapeutic effect of heparin is appropriately measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) results. Since anticoagulation effects can be difficult to monitor because of individual differences in drug reaction (Smeltzer et al., 2010), aPTT is repeated more frequently in unstable and new clients to prevent complications due to under or over medication. Bed rest is one of the interventions to promote comfort in clients with DVT (Smeltzer et al., 2010). Furthermore, it is especially indicated to prevent the dislodgment of pre exiting thrombus into the bloodstream for high- risk clients. Aside from bed rest, careful elevation of the lower limbs is also helpful to prevent venous stasis and promote blood circulation. The use of infusion pumps maximizes safety measures in the client with DVT under heparin therapy (Peterson et al., 2008). In this case, the IV pump malfunctioned and resulted in the accidental administration of the drug in high dosages. Although the client does not show signs of bleeding initially, aPTT should be rechecked to determine the degree of possible adverse reactions. The drug administration should be discontinued temporarily to prevent further increase in drug level. Furthermore, protamine sulfate should be prepared as an antidote in case the client manifests excessive bleeding (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010. The physician should also be notified

Apple logo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Apple logo - Essay Example I saw this logo when I was given an opportunity to use a personal computer. The logo was integrated with this personal computer as a remarkable way of ensuring branding strategy. Over time, there were various modifications on the logo especially on its colors depending on the marketing proposition or product message. However, these modifications have nothing to do with my first thought and the association I created about Apple Incorporated with an apple designed with a bite. As for me, the apple designed with a bite represents innovative ideas. What makes it more positive is that I considered that the company is trying to imply a message that consumers should bite into these innovative ideas. Therefore, the company is trying to project itself as a significant source of innovative ideas. Line, shape, texture and color are basic design elements (Landa, 2010). In the case of apple logo of Apple Incorporated, there was a great role played by color. As observed, black and white would make a contrasting effect. For instance, placing the apple with a bite in a dark background and highlighting this image with an effect of a light color would signify the shining innovative ideas of Apple Incorporated. In this case, the significance of the right choice of color would primarily give substantial effect on the actual graphic design. In the case of Apple Incorporated and its logo, a two-dimensional perspective is enough or necessary to be used as a graphic technique in order to elaborately expound the company’s ideas. As stated earlier, my personal impression about the company logo of Apple Incorporated is associated with biting into innovative ideas. As for me, this logo exactly fits with the actual competitive strategy of the company as it continuously create highly differentiated products that are cutting-edge technology with high intensity of innovative touch. The logo can

Money generated from illegal activities Dissertation

Money generated from illegal activities - Dissertation Example Money laundering can be seen as a deliberate effort that is made to close the trail of criminals. Money laundering is seen as a convenient outlet through which the trail of criminals can be cleaned in order to blot out all tracks that would lead to them.A person who sells drugs or a person who runs a human trafficking ring which leads to prostitution might want to find ways of injecting funds legally into the economy to appear legal. This can be done by banking the proceeds as part of the ‘profits’ made through his restaurant or banking them as part of a casino’s winnings. All these are deliberate efforts that are meant to erase any investigative tracks that are meant to pin them down as criminals.The concept of money laundering becomes more complicated when it spans across different national borders. This is because the inclusion of other countries in a money laundering attempt makes it much more difficult to detect and tough to resolve since it requires the coop eration of different law enforcement regimes to combat it effectively. This is not always easy and it comes with a high degree of complications. The two variables are legal systems and cooperation and it is very difficult to attain convergence.Money Laundering involves three main phases: placement, layering, and integration. Placement involves the separation of illicit funds from the illegal source. This means that money gotten from illegal means are taken out of the original source and prepared to be sent to some other category of funds which might disguise its origins. Once placement is done, there is layering, which involves the integration of the illicit funds into the financial systems. This involves the lodgement of these illegal money in some kind of category of funds that is legally acceptable. Finally, there is integration of the illegal funds into the legitimate economy. This means that the money is spent in the normal sense as though the money was gotten from any other le gal source of funds. This means that the money is likely to be seen as legal when it is far from the normal legal funding. Money Laundering and its Relationship to Terrorism Money laundering is often used to describe the general sense of presenting illegally acquired funds as though they

US Energy Consumption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

US Energy Consumption - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, there has been a relatively stagnation in the number of energy resources that the US and other governments rely on. In order to ensure sustainability of the current energy resources, policies have been formulated to guide the process of exploration of the resources (Korporaal 2012). In most cases, the policies have been developed to guide the process of energy consumption to ensure that it happens with efficiency. In addition to such policies, there have been other strategies formulated to ensure that new sources of energy are made available to the country’s energy sector. The formulation of such policies has, however, attracted different opinions with some people or groups of people opposing them, either wholly or partially. The varied opinions have and continue to contribute to the status of energy consumption in the United States of America (Korporaal 2012). The current status of energy consumption in the US As stated earlier on, there has been an increasing amount of energy consumed by the US population. Specific forms of consumption have been experiencing different growths. In fact, the energy consumed by the industrial sector has experienced very little increase in the past 4 decades. However, the energy consumed in other sectors such as residential, commercial and transportation has experienced growth, in the same period, of about 8000 trillion Btu on average. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), there will be a general increase in energy demand in the United States in the next 20 years. This will be as a result of the dramatic shifts in people’s lifestyle. Most of the energy demand will be due to the ever-increasing need for energy to be used in the generation of power to run commercial investments and industries. In the US today, it has been found that about half of the total electricity generated is fro m the use of coal in steam engines. Coal is a fossil fuel subject to depletion in the near future. In addition to this data it has been determined that of all the green house gases emitted in the United States, 85 % of them result from activities or processes supported by the consumption of fossil fuel. This, therefore, means that a reduction in the amount of fossil fuels consumed in the country can result in reduced emission of green house gases emission (Anonymous 2012). The future of energy consumption in the United States According to forecasts done by specialists in the energy sector, the global energy demand will grow in the next 25 year to reach a value of approximately 57%. This will affect the US energy demand in some aspects because it will see it rise by about 30% within the same period. In addition, more than half of the energy used all over the world will occur in the Asian continent by the year 2030 (Katakey 2012). At this particular time the US will have experienced a bout 40% growth in the demand for electricity energy. All these forecasts and estimations indicate the importance of having efficient energy policies in place to put countries of the world, including the US, in a better position to embrace the future together with its challenges. Policies surrounding energy consumption in the US have been formulated in the direction of addressing the state of future energy consumption. The most common policies have included making legislations to guide the development and distribution of renewable energy to cater for the increasing demand, and address the fact that

Response to a classmate's post Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Response to a classmate's post - Assignment Example For me, I felt that the work lacks a clear definition of concepts and proper outlining of facts that bring out the issue of race. Also, you did not include any thesis statements in the essay. You simply explained the various characteristics that the Homo sapiens have such as the color of the skin, shape and the type of hair. Nonetheless, it is commendable how you note how anthropologists find it meaningless to use the term race since the term has been overtaken by events. I think this gives a strong point in the defense of your answer. You also give a clear explanation of the disparities of the different genetic variations such as polytypic and polymorphic variations. It is also good that you mention the emerging trends in the humans, such as mutations of the human race. It would be good if you add a conclusion that summarizes the major thoughts in the essay. Your paragraphing is also wanting. Though the work has strong points, you would have made the work better through a proper org anization of thoughts.

The Corn Laws in 1846 Essay Example for Free

The Corn Laws in 1846 Essay Peels decision to repeal the Corn Laws in 1846 was arguably influenced by the mass campaigning and debate aroused by the Anti-Corn Law league, however, it must be considered that there were a number of other important factors that contributed to Peels choice. It can be argued that it was rather more down to Peels free trade and other economic principles that the Corn Laws were eventually repealed in 1846. The Anti-Corn Law league was certainly a major force in the years leading to repeal. It was the first National repeal movement, setting it apart from the numerous other Anti-Corn Law associations that had existed in the past. This national concept ensured that the movement had a very large following and was very well funded. Unlike the Chartist movement, the League was decidedly middle-class and in this gained a greater respectability; however, it still faced considerable suspicion from the Aristocracy. They were from the start suspected of wanting to destroy the Aristocracy, and this limited their political impact. Modern historians have suggested that despite outwards appearances of respectability, it was in fact an instrument of class war The league was very well funded; at just one meeting in October 1842, they raised over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 and this funding enabled a huge campaign of leafleting and supporting candidates who were sympathetic to their aims at election. Despite this, evidence of their success is limited; at their peak in 1843, they had only managed to get four MPs into commons. This suggests that their influence on Peels decision to repeal the Corn Laws was not very great. However, there was an economic dimension to their campaign, and it is this intellectual argument that could be considered as influential in Peels decision to repeal the Corn Laws. Many members of the Anti Corn Law League were strong supporters of the new economic principles like free trade, and had reasoned that the Corn Laws were responsible for their low profits. The Corn Laws meant that the price of bread was relatively high, as it taxed the staple ingredient, wheat. As bread was a key part of the diet of the time, the factory owners had to pay higher wages to cover workers food costs, which meant that they were unable to maximise their profitability. A further effect of the high food prices was the lack of disposable income; people had to spend such a high proportion of their wages on food that they could not afford much else, so there was very little demand for consumer goods. This coupled with the damage that protection did to Britains export market, meant that the economy was slow, and was not developing and expanding into new areas a worry for Peel, who placed the economy very high on his list of priorities. However, many historians are of the opinion that so compelling was this argument that even without the league, the Corn Laws were already threatened. However, Peel had other influences that could have played a part on his decision to repeal the Corn Laws. The potato famine in Ireland caused a problem for Peel. He already faced opposition from many religious groups over the immorality of keeping prices high; they cited the phrase [he] that witholdeth corn, the people shall curse him from the bible to illustrate their argument. For the government to be seen to be so openly keeping the price high whilst its people were starving was embarrassing for the government. Although the famine would not be affected by the repeal, so cannot be considered the cause, Evans suggests that it provided the occasion for it. There is also the argument that Peel was simply being pragmatic in his decision to repeal the Corn Laws. Although Boyd Hilton suggests that Peel had decided that the Corn Laws had to be repealed as early as 1828, there is no direct evidence to suggest that even before 1844 Peel had made the decision to repeal the Law. In the election of 1841, over half of Tory candidates put forward the maintenance of agricultural protection as the main issue in their manifestos, and, as Evans wrote, the 1841 election was properly a victory for Protectionist Toryism, not Peelite Conservatism. In 1842, Peels public position remained that he was improving the Corn Laws, and was not intending to repeal them. It was not until 1843 that Peel mentioned ideas of removing agricultural protection to close colleagues. Even then, it can be seen merely as a response to the extraordinary economic recovery of Britain following the success 1842 budget, which lead many to believe that complete free trade was the way forward. Following the 1845 budget in which even more tariffs were reduced and eliminated, the Corn Laws increasingly stood out as an anomaly that was unjustifiable. Therefore, we can consider that it was not Peels free trade principles that lead him to his decision. The evidence suggests that although the Anti-Corn Law league was a formidable force in terms of its vast resources and stirring up of argument, it did not in fact have much impact on Peels decision. Peel was more concerned with the economy, and whether it is argued that he was committed to free trade early on or decided that it was a good idea after the experimental 1842 budget we can conclude that it was this preoccupation with the economy that was the main spark for Peels decision to repeal the Corn Laws. However, the issue of Ireland must also be considered, and although repeal would not have an effect on the situation there, it provided an occasion for Peel to complete the development of Britain into a free trading nation.

Strategy Used By Premier Inn

Strategy Used By Premier Inn Premier Inn is the UKs biggest and fastest growing hotel company, owned by Whitbread. And the company contributes 70 of the total profits of Whitbread (Annual Report, 2009). As the hotel industry, the development of Premier Inn is highly dependent on the macro-environment, especially the tourism industry. Indeed, hotel industry and tourism industry have been so close that the following reduce in tourism after the economic crisis has strong impact on hotel operations. However, the British hotel industry has been suffered significant loss although it has manifested recovery during the previous years. Last year, the continuing crisis in global finance and trade has triggered the worlds worst economic plunge. UK unprecedented economic contraction was described by Sir Terry, Tescos chief executive, as low point. However, from the second half of year 2009, the UK economy appears to be in a slowly recovery. Companies have begun to hire and consumers seem to be increasing. This paper focuses on the strategies used by Premier Inn in this situation. Then we will review these strategies, and recommend some resolutions to close the gap. The following section will also use PEST analysis to audit the macro-environment that Premier Inn is facing. 2. Review on the Strategy Used by Premier Inn In this part, we will review the strategies that used by Premier Inn. And we will only focus on the marketing strategy and operating strategy. 2.1 Marketing Strategy Marketing strategy is very important and even could be the biggest factor in the success or failure of the company. Premier Inn also attached great importance to the marketing strategy. In this year, the company makes an additional 8 million pound in marketing investment (Annual Report, 2009). First, Premier Inn has start out a commercial action plan to enhance its status as the preferred hotel brand for travelers and to attract more leisure customers. They put in place four key levers in their marketing plan: focused advertising; increased sales activity; Premier Offers; and widening reservation distribution (Annual Report, 2009). Furthermore, the new website went live in November 2008 and has increased visits by 80, and now the site helps to attract over three million visits per month (Annual Report, 2009). Third, Premier Inn has also set out development of a new 267 bedroom budget hotel at Stratford, which adjacent to the Olympic Stadium (Annual Report, 2009). It can be seen that Premier Inn has already prepared for the 2012 Olympic Games. 2.2 Operating Strategy This paper considers that operating strategies in Premier Inn are as follows: First, Premier Inn has specific short and medium term growth programs, which give employees a specific direction. For instance, the company wants to increase room numbers in November 2010 by over 2500 rooms and target a 32 increase to 55000 rooms in the UK by the end of 2014 (Annual Report, 2009). In addition, the Premier Inn has decreased the overheads instead of adopting streamlining management, promoting the back-office processes and delivering a series of procurement initiatives. The company want to control cost tightly, through both procurement and operation efficiencies. And this helped underpin its operation margin. Last but not the least, the Whitbread launched Good Together program in January 2010, to drive sustainable performance and further deepen its corporate responsibility. This program has set goals for CO2 reduction, sustainable sourcing and waste management (Annual Report, 2009). Premier Inn also announced that they would build green hotel. The 60 bedroom Premier Inn, starting the business in autumn 2010, will use the best level sustainable construction materials to reduce 30 carbon emission and 40 water savings. 3. Evaluation on the Strategy Used by Premier Inn A PEST analysis is an outline that classifies environmental influences such as political, economic, social and technological forces (Camisà ³n, 2000). The analysis inspects the impact of each factors on the business (ÃŽÂ ¤ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·, 2009). The results can be used to seize the opportunities or to make contingency plans for threats when preparing business and strategic plans (Byars, 1991; Cooper, 2000). In this part, we will use PEST analysis to evaluation the strategy adopted by Premier Inn. Owing to the limited understanding of the technology, we will focus on the political, economic and social factors. At the end of this part, we will give recommendation on the strategy used by Premier Inn. 3.1 Political Factors Government policy is a major influence factor; its policy will influence the company directly and indirectly, but they also offer chances and challenges. After the global economic downturn in 2008, the government has issued a series of policies to boost economic growth. However, the policy aimed at hotel industry or tourism industry is very rare. But when the United Kingdom general election of 2010 was held, the three parties all put forward many programs to promote the tourism industry. Meanwhile, the British Tourism Association and Hospitality Association has lobby the government to issues some policies that are positive to tourist industry and hotel industry. Besides, in 2009, Prime Minister Gordon Brown offered the proposed program Low Carbon Industrial Strategy, which plans to provide more than 1.4 billion pound for the low carbon sector and those already adopted, and outlay 10.4 billion pound for low carbon investment over the next three years (Plesch, Austin Grant, 2005) . Based on these political factors, this paper considers that the strategies Premier Inn adopted are valid, especially the operating strategy. First, the operating strategy in Premier Inn is aggressive which just meet the political situation. Second, the Premier Inn has launched Good Together program which aims at CO2 reduction. These practices not fit the proposal the government advocated, but fit the societys environmental demands. 3.2 Economic Factors Economic factors influence how easy or hard it is to be successful and lucrative (Thompson, 2002). The UK government has held a serious of international sporting events in 2009, such as the Ashes and the ICC World Twenty 20. These events may promote visitor numbers and then boost the hotel industry. In addition, the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games will hold in London. This will provide the Britain hotel industry with a huge chance. Obviously, Premier Inn has already seized the opportunity because it has already developed some hotel which is adjacent to the Olympic Stadium. And the new website will play a significant role in convenient the consumers. Actually, the marketing strategy that Premier Inn adopted has already worked. From the annual report of the Whitbread, Premier Inn outperformed its competitors during October 2009. Regional income was down about 6.4 last year, compared to a decrease of 8.5 in the regional hotel sector and a decline of 9.6 in the whole regional hotel industry (Annual Report, 2009). 3.3 Social Factors Social factors also play an important part in the development of enterprises. Living conditions, income distribution and lifestyle all have tremendous influence on the operating methods of enterprises. With the improvement of living conditions, people are willing to spend more money in enjoying life and choose to relax after working, because their work are so busy and they have rare spare time. Therefore, the services provided by high-level hotels just meet the demands. But after economic crisis, the domestic demand has been weak, and an increasing number of British people choose to travel aboard instead of domestic travel. These social factors are clearly not advantage for the hotel industry. The marketing strategy Premier Inn adopted, as we described above, does not aim at this social situation. In the authors opinion, these strategies have more concern about the external market other than the domestic social conditions. But on the other hand, the increase in the number of non-profit environmental organizations indicates that publics sensitivity to environmental issues has significantly increased. The society has become more anxious and critical about the environmental practices of firms. Good Together program of Premier Inn not only shows the efforts made in environmental protection, but also enhances the corporate image and upgrades its enterprise competitiveness. 3.4Technique Factors Technology is widely recognized as an important competitive advantage (Chu Choi, 2000). As the hotel industry, technique factor seems have little relationship with the hotel development. But sometimes new and proper technology could provide unexpected harvest. From the strategy we mentioned above, Premier Inn have adopted the new website that now attracts over three million visits per month. Moreover, the company has used streamlining management to reduce the internal cost. In general, we think the strategy used by Premier Inn is very appropriate under the current situation. But the problem is that it is too much reliance on the international tourist industry. Once the outbreak of the economic crisis, this mode of operation is very dangerous and company may get into trouble. Actually, the domestic business and conference market is a buoyant sector for hotel (1996); meanwhile the economic gradual recovery will help to stimulate the hotel market. So Premier Inn should make some strategies to attract these potential consumers. To serve these high standards clients, Premier Inn should offer amenities services to meet the highest requirements. High quality and multi-functional rooms equipped with latest communication facilities, such as online 3D conference, will be very attractive. In details, based on what the businessman needs may different from the common consumers, the quick and facility services are obligatory to them. Such as the office supplies, fast printers and speedy laundry facilities are all very important to these consumers. 4. Conclusion In this paper, we focus on the strategies used by Premier Inn after the serious economic crisis. The article mainly analyzes the marketing and operating strategies with PEST analysis in the current situation. In general, we consider that Premier Inn has adopted appropriate strategies to boost its development. But the problems in the strategies were pointed out that the company has not paid enough attention on the domestic market. In the authors opinion, Premier Inn should pay more attention on its domestic market.

Comparing Wiesners The Three Pigs and Scieszkas True Story of the Thr

David Wiesner's The Three Pigs and Jon Scieszka's The True Story of the Three Little Pigs "Three pigs...Straw, sticks, bricks...Huffs and puffs...You probably know the rest. It's an old story, and every time someone tells it the same thing happens. But who says it's suppose to? Who's in charge of this story? Who gets to decide? Has anyone asked the pigs? No? Well, it's about time someone did" (Wiesner). Well... "...I'll let you in on a little secret ...nobody has ever heard my side of the story. I'm the wolf. Alexander T. Wolf...Al...This is the real story" (Scieszka). The well-known fairytale of The Three Little Pigs has changed directions a little over the centuries. No longer is the simple story of three pigs, a wolf, and a little "huffing and puffing" enough. Both Jon Scieszka and David Wiesner have added different twists to the all too familiar tale. By adding creativity, imagination, and perspectives, these men have developed a whole new adventure that takes the characters and readers for a ride. "Hey! He blew me right out of the story!" "Come on - it's safe ... Comparing Wiesner's The Three Pigs and Scieszka's True Story of the Thr David Wiesner's The Three Pigs and Jon Scieszka's The True Story of the Three Little Pigs "Three pigs...Straw, sticks, bricks...Huffs and puffs...You probably know the rest. It's an old story, and every time someone tells it the same thing happens. But who says it's suppose to? Who's in charge of this story? Who gets to decide? Has anyone asked the pigs? No? Well, it's about time someone did" (Wiesner). Well... "...I'll let you in on a little secret ...nobody has ever heard my side of the story. I'm the wolf. Alexander T. Wolf...Al...This is the real story" (Scieszka). The well-known fairytale of The Three Little Pigs has changed directions a little over the centuries. No longer is the simple story of three pigs, a wolf, and a little "huffing and puffing" enough. Both Jon Scieszka and David Wiesner have added different twists to the all too familiar tale. By adding creativity, imagination, and perspectives, these men have developed a whole new adventure that takes the characters and readers for a ride. "Hey! He blew me right out of the story!" "Come on - it's safe ...

Gathering at the River: Cruising on East Speedway :: Essays Papers

Gathering at the River: Cruising on East Speedway "Whither goest thou, America, in thy shiny car in the night?" -Jack Kerouac, On the Road Roll the windows down, turn the music up, and drive slowly. Now you're cruising. Cruising is the art of seeing and being seen, and in Tucson the center of this art is Speedway Boulevard. This six-lane street runs east to west through Tucson and is one of the busiest thoroughfares in the city. It hosts a mix of commercial and private buildings: small shops, offices, restaurants, grocery stores, apartment buildings and older homes, as well as the University of Arizona. Despite the apartments and occasional houses, Speedway is mostly a commercial street populated with strip malls and other businesses. Cruising is most visible along the more commercial, business-oriented East Speedway, which for the purposes of this essay is defined as the three mile stretch of road from Alvernon to Wilmot. Like most streets, Speedway was built for an entirely practical reason: to conduct automobile traffic from one place to another with a minimum of waiting. This utilitarian reason is inverted by cruising. The purpose of cruising, unlike driving, is not to arrive but to not arrive. Cruising is a social activity wherein the cars become tools for meeting other people as well as a means of getting from one place to another. The reputation of cruising, and of the nighttime Speedway, is not nearly so benign. As traffic slows and the music increases, the character of Speedway as a place - that is, a focus for human memory and experience - changes to reflect the activities and desires of the cruisers. The character of Speedway as a place is temporal and spatial; the street of Friday midnight is radically different from the street of Tuesday morning. Daytime drivers quickly change lanes in an attempt to find the one which will deliver them to their destinations the fastest. Speed and efficacy define the daytime Speedway. As the type of driver changes, so does the driver's reason for being there. The weekday commute is replaced by the weeknight cruise. The drivers also become, as a group, less diverse in terms of age and gender. The majority of cruisers appeared to be teenagers. Also, though I saw many young women, the majority of cruisers were male.

Essay --

A provisional title Making the State, War and Enemies in Israel/Palestine, 1948 Hypothesis The labeling of indigenous communities as dangerous enemies is not a static expression of a belief, but an ongoing communicative process within the settler society. I am predicting that as each of the hypothesized technologies mentioned below developed, the dissemination of critical counter-categorizations declined. H1) Expulsions were carried out by specialized armed units in a routine fashion soldiers critique declined as the war progressed H2) the absorption of competing militias within the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) as a newly formed national army lessened reciprocal criticism of the treatment of the Palestinians; press editorials of the main militias criticized each other’s treatment of the Palestinian communities, decreased as the war went on H3) it became easier to shield the army’s actions from scrutiny as fighting spread away from the bigger cities critical reports by non-army affiliated civilians decreased as the fighting spread wider H4) the political leadership minimized their resistance to covert decision-making within the security establishment as the war continued, there was a decrease in criticism of the decision making process that led to the expulsions. The main aim of my PhD research This research investigates the dynamics within settler colonial societies that reproduce struggles with indigenous populations. Specifically, I ask how the formation of the colonial settler state enables the pernicious labeling of colonised communities during periods of conflict. The case is the War of 1948, during which some 80% of the Palestinian population was expelled from the area that became the State of Israel. For this to happen, P... ...rch There are many resources that I am planning to use for my studies: Cohen, Hillel. 2008. Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism. Ehrlich, Avishai. 1987. â€Å"Israel: Conflict, War and Social Change† Esber, Rosemary M. 2009. Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Flapan, Simha. 1987. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. Halbrook, Stephen. 1972. "The Class Origins of Zionist Ideology" Masalha, Nur. 1997. A Land without a People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest. Ram, Uri. 1995. The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology: Theory, Ideology, and Identity. Zureik, Elia T.1979. The Palestinians in Israel: a Study in Internal Colonialism. More books and researches by Tom Pesah and Illan Pape are also sources to my studies. Essay -- A provisional title Making the State, War and Enemies in Israel/Palestine, 1948 Hypothesis The labeling of indigenous communities as dangerous enemies is not a static expression of a belief, but an ongoing communicative process within the settler society. I am predicting that as each of the hypothesized technologies mentioned below developed, the dissemination of critical counter-categorizations declined. H1) Expulsions were carried out by specialized armed units in a routine fashion soldiers critique declined as the war progressed H2) the absorption of competing militias within the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) as a newly formed national army lessened reciprocal criticism of the treatment of the Palestinians; press editorials of the main militias criticized each other’s treatment of the Palestinian communities, decreased as the war went on H3) it became easier to shield the army’s actions from scrutiny as fighting spread away from the bigger cities critical reports by non-army affiliated civilians decreased as the fighting spread wider H4) the political leadership minimized their resistance to covert decision-making within the security establishment as the war continued, there was a decrease in criticism of the decision making process that led to the expulsions. The main aim of my PhD research This research investigates the dynamics within settler colonial societies that reproduce struggles with indigenous populations. Specifically, I ask how the formation of the colonial settler state enables the pernicious labeling of colonised communities during periods of conflict. The case is the War of 1948, during which some 80% of the Palestinian population was expelled from the area that became the State of Israel. For this to happen, P... ...rch There are many resources that I am planning to use for my studies: Cohen, Hillel. 2008. Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism. Ehrlich, Avishai. 1987. â€Å"Israel: Conflict, War and Social Change† Esber, Rosemary M. 2009. Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Flapan, Simha. 1987. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. Halbrook, Stephen. 1972. "The Class Origins of Zionist Ideology" Masalha, Nur. 1997. A Land without a People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest. Ram, Uri. 1995. The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology: Theory, Ideology, and Identity. Zureik, Elia T.1979. The Palestinians in Israel: a Study in Internal Colonialism. More books and researches by Tom Pesah and Illan Pape are also sources to my studies.

Dante’s Inferno Essay

On the evening of Good Friday in the year 1300, Dante is travelling through a forest, when he gets lost. In the morning, he finds a mountain and tries to climb it, but is stopped by a lion, a wolf, and a leopard. The spirit of the poet Virgil appears and offers to take him to the top of the mountain to Heaven when his love, Beatrice, is, but the way first leads through Hell. Virgil and Dante enter through the gates of Hell and see a crowd of people along the banks of the river. Virgil tells Dante these are the souls who neither sinned nor worshipped God, and are therefore rejected by both Heaven and Hell. Charon takes them across the river. The Second Circle is guarded by Minos and is the first of four rings in which souls are punished. In the Second Circle, the souls of the lustful are blown about by never-ending winds. In the Third Circle, the souls of the gluttons are soaked by heavy rain and clawed by the three-headed dog, Cerberus. Continuing downwards, they meet the entrance to the Fourth Circle, which holds the greedy. These souls must charge at each other with boulders repeatedly. Virgil and Dante next proceed to f the city of Dis. Dis is a city within the larger region of Hell, however the demon guards refuse to open the gates. A messenger arrives from Heaven to force the gates open for Dante and Virgil. The Sixth Circle of Hell holds the Heretics, and in this circle that Dante encounters Farinata, a rival political leader. A deep valley leads into the First Ring of the Seventh Circle of Hell, where there are three inner rings. The first is where those who were violent toward others spend eternity in a river of boiling blood. The second ring is for those who were violent toward themselves, and the third ring is for those who were violent toward God. The monster Geryon transports Virgil and Dante across a great abyss to the Eighth Circle of Hell, known as Malebolge, Here, there are also many layers. The first is for the panderers and seducers, who receive lashings from whips. The second is where the flatterers must lie in a river of human feces. The simoniacs in the third layer hang upside down in baptismal fonts while their feet burn with fire. The fourth layer is for the astrologists and diviners, who are forced to walk with their heads on backward. In the fifth layer, those who have accepted bribes are torn apart by demons. In the sixth layer, the hypocrites must walk in circles for eternity while wearing robes of lead. In the seventh layer, thieves sit in a pit of vipers and turn to vipers when bitten, and then regain their human form when they bite  another thief. In the eighth layer, Dante speaks to Ulysses who will spend forever with those guilty of Spiritual Theft. In the ninth layer, those of scandal walk in a circle with wounds that open and close repeatedly. In the tenth and final layer, falsifiers suffer from plagues and diseases of all kinds. Through the Giants’ Well, Virgil and Dante proceed to the Ninth Circle of Hell, which leads to a great frozen lake named Cocytus. Virgil and Dante are picked up and placed in the lowest region of Hell by the giant Antaeus. Like the previous Circles, the Ninth Circle of Hell also contains numerous different inner Rings. In the First Ring, those who betrayed their kin stand frozen to their necks in the lake. In the Second Ring, those who betrayed their country stand frozen to their heads. However, those who betrayed their guest are destined to spend eternity lying on their back in the frozen lake in the Third Ring. In the Fourth and final ring of the Ninth Circle of Hell, an eternity in complete icy submersion is given to those who betrayed their friends. In the center of this circle is the three-headed Lucifer. His body comes from the center of the Earth where he fell when God sent him down from Heaven. In each of Lucifer’s mouths are Judas, Cassius, and Brutus. Virgil instructs Dante to climb down Lucifer, and travel out of Hell and back onto Earth. They return to Earth on Easter morning. Analysis In the first canto, Dante uses the dark forest to express the flaws he saw in the world around him at the time Inferno was written. Also, when Dante encounters the leopard, the lion, and the she-wolf. The leopard represents fraud, the lion represents pride, and the she-wolf represents incontinence. Dante is most affected by the presence of the she-wolf because, while incontinence is the least severe category of sin, it is the one to which he is most susceptible. Christian symbolism is extremely prevalent throughout Inferno, and it is first introduced in the second canto. Hell is not just described as the underworld, but a place where sinners are punished for eternity. In the inscription on the gates into Hell, each part of the Trinity is represented. The â€Å"potency divine† represents God the Father, the â€Å"wisdom supreme† is Christ, and the â€Å"primal love† is the Holy Spirit. Along these same lines, the use of the Trinity is also used in the last canto, when we are  introduced to the three-headed Lucifer. The three heads could represent the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as well. In the fourth canto, Dante explains that Limbo is for those who have not been baptized, thus addressing one of the great moral problems of Christianity. Baptism is considered necessary to go to Heaven, but it does not seem fair that people who do not know of Christianity should suffer for something they have no control over. Dante takes care of this problem by keeping those who are not Christian in Hell, but giving them a much less painful fate by giving them eternity in Limbo. The timeframe of Dante’s Inferno is extremely relevant in terms of Christianity. Dante begins his journey through Hell on Good Friday and emerges and returns to Earth on Easter day. This means that he was â€Å"dead† for the time period following the crucifixion of Christ, and he has risen with him. To look further into the other religions represented in Inferno, the tower in the city of Dis that Dante refers to is a mosque, to further emphasize that anyone who does not believe in Christianity is a nonbeliever and should be in Hell. It is also interesting to look at the role Dante plays throughout Inferno. Throughout, it is clear that Beatrice has kept a careful eye on Dante’s progress and is prepared to intervene when necessary to ensure that he gets to her. In the first canto, when Dante is lost, Beatrice sends Virgil to guide him, and when Virgil and Dante are not admitted into Dis, Beatrice sent a messenger to let them in. Without Beatrice, Dante would be lost. She is the only reason he has a chance at making it to Heaven. Dante faints and weeps numerous times, further indicating his weakness and his reliance on Beatrice and Virgil. He expresses fear of the wild beasts in the first canto and of many of the other demons in the other circles. These weaknesses emphasize how little he does for himself. He follows the path that is laid out for him by Beatrice and Virgil, and does nothing more than that. In many contexts, Dante is held as a hero, but he is really just relying on others.

Technology Implementation

And technology implementation then there would be a lot of leak in the system as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say that software programs that developed to resolve a problem needs attention in all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is reliable and portable efficient and of strong functionality then fulfill the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better resultsafter implementation of these steps architecture to develop a software program is required. When these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an architecture of software program is designed in such a way that it is safe for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then an information system can work well. If there are leaks in the design and programming tactics and technologyimplementation then there would be a lot of leak in the system as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say that software programs that developed to resolve a problem needs attention in all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is reliable and portable efficient and of strong functionality then fulfill the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the

F&B Revenue Management

INSTITUTE OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT, AURANGABAD Synopsis – Food and Beverage Revenue Management: Implementation at „The Westin Hyderabad Mindspace? Kussh Raathi (H – 16045) â€Å"Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirement for B. A. (Hons) in Hotel Management† THE UNIVERSITY OF HUDDERSFIELD, UNITED KINGDOM July 2010 food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 DISCLAIMER This is an academic endeavour does not necessarily reflect the view of IHM – A and/or hotel chains discussed herein and are not binding on the Institute and/or the companies in any manner.This report is the intellectual property of the author and/or IHM – A and the same or any part thereof may not be used in any manner whatsoever, without express permission of the author in writing. The assignment does not aim to reveal any information confidential to the hotel companies discussed. No one provided significant profession al or personal review assistance to the person signing this disclaimer and report. This is all authors‘ work and does not necessarily represent the views of either IHM – A, India, or University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, or any other party.Kussh Raathi (Year 3, H – 16045, Hotel Management, Institute of Hotel Management – Aurangabad) July 31, 2010 raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 2 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT As the author sums up the draft of this assignment, he reminisces appreciatively the contribution and extends his heartfelt gratitude to the following persons lacking whose support and help, this report could not have taken its present form: Mr.Anand Iyengar, Understudy Project Mentor and Academic Registrar, Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad (IHM–A), for providing me with the opportunity to work on an interes ting project like this, for his continuous support, feedback and guidance. A special thanks to Mr. Rahul Upmanyu, Revenue Manager, The Westin Hyderabad Mindspace, who is the most responsible for helping me in the compilation of this project report as well as the challenging research that lies behind it. Without his encouragement and constant guidance, I could not have finished this report.He was always there to meet and talk about my ideas, to proofread and mark up my papers and chapters, and to ask me good questions to help me think through my problems (whether philosophical, analytical or computational). Sincere thanks to the entire executive committee at The Westin Hyderabad Mindspace for their unconditional support, encouragement and guidance. Kussh Raathi July 31, 2010 raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 3 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ uly 2010 ABSTRACT / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Purpose â₠¬â€œ This paper aims to suggest the efficacy of revenue-management levers to improve a restaurants‘ revenue through process control for customer profitability through literature review and Seasonal Tastes as an excellent study site in south-India‘s largest luxury hotel. Design / methodology / approach – The research finds its basing upon a popular/busy coffee shop called Seasonal Tastes at The Westin Hyderabad Mindspace, Andhra Pradesh, India.The study presents the state-of-the-art of the literature review related to restaurant revenue management and a case study of a restaurant with high operational complexity and an extensive customer product and commercial service line. The literature review demonstrates the few empirical studies that have actually addressed the application of revenue management systems in the food and beverage industry. Much of this section comes from the article by Kimes, S. (2004). Findings – Seeking to augment revenue and also to imp rove customer service, the restaurant analyzed its operations and customers‘ characteristics.It found that its table-mix (mostly 6tops) was inappropriate for its customer base (mostly singletons, couples and groups of three/four). It also found that it could tighten up its post-meal procedures, particularly those involving settlement. The findings of the study show that the measurement of cost-to-serve provides specific and detailed customer information that enables a more comprehensive customer profitability analysis than the classical paradigm. Research limitations/implications – The result would lead to an increase in revenue (from higher occupancy) that paid for the increased capital costs in one year.The revenue improvement in this instance was to guests‘ advantage, since menu prices were not changed as part of this revenue management implementation. Originality/value – The paper includes a comprehensive review of literature and the empirical case stud ies by Kimes (2004), Thompson (2009, 2003, 2002), Kimes et al (2007), offers additional insights in food and beverage revenue management and analysis. Paper type – Research Project raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 4 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ uly 2010 1. Introduction C efficiency. ross (1997), defines the concept as, ? the art and science of predicting real-time customer demand at the micro-market level and optimizing the price and availability of products‘. Conceptually, revenue management is a micro-economic concept about how to manage the relationship between supply and demand to maximize revenue potential. Simplified it means – selling the right product to the right customer at the right time for the right price on the right distribution channel with the best commission Revenue Management ReviewThe era has ended when revenue management can stand alone as a tact ical approach to rooms management, with technological and management support, revenue management must be and is being integrated into all aspects of hotel management marketing and operating strategies. Going beyond its role of managing room inventory, revenue management will consider total revenue contributions, including group business and its ancillary revenues. Because prices are essentially transparent, hotels will need to consider customer price elasticity and not simply match competitors‘ prices, with a goal of ptimizing prices. Beyond that, revenue management can be used to manage all of the hotel‘s revenue streams, in part by considering the interaction of room sales and food and beverage sales. While revenue per available room (RevPAR) has been a good measure of performance, a revenue generation index, which compares competitors‘ RevPARs, is even more useful. Even more sophisticated is a revenue opportunity model, which monitors the effectiveness of invent ory controls and analyzes the effects of revenue management decisions.Perhaps most promising is a customer-focused approach that tracks customers‘ purchases and targets promotions based on an understanding of customers‘ responses to prior offers. Hotels can benefit by increasing revenues and profitability through revenue management by optimally matching demand to available supply (rooms) to accommodate the most profitable mix of customers at each property. In the lodging industry, revenue management is the process of selectively accepting and rejecting customers by rate, length of stay and arrival date to maximise revenues.The process of revenue management generates incremental revenues (Kimes 1999; Cross 1997). raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 5 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 2. Theoretical Framework / Literature Review From its origin in the airline industry nearly sixty years ago, revenue management has expanded to other hospitality industries, notably lodging and rental cars. More recently, ? nontraditional? ervice industries, such as restaurants, golf courses, and casinos, have begun to adapt and apply revenue management principles. Need for a holistic approach towards RM Revenue management of hotel inventory has long been the practice for hoteliers worldwide, both large and small, chain and independent. Hotel operators understand and accept the need to forecast customer demand at some level of detail and recommend product availability conditions that will deliver the maximum revenue based on that demand.However, for the most part, traditional hotel revenue management is focused purely on maximizing sleeping room revenue with no regard for any other revenue associated with the hotel guest. Many companies are now realizing that there is a strong need to adopt a more holistic approach to revenue management across the enterprise. This involve s two distinct components. First, there is a need to capture and track all revenue associated with hotel guests in order to segment customers more discretely based on their value—this can come from food and beverage, spa, event venues or, in the case of a casino/hotel, gaming.Second, and equally important, operators need to begin to apply the same principles of revenue management employed at the hotel to each discrete revenue source—there has been a strong push for revenue management in restaurants, spas, event venues and even on the casino floor. (HSMAI Article, published on March 10, 2010) While many hotel companies have implemented loyalty programs, the real opportunity lies in the ability to capture data about the customer beyond the hotel in order to truly capture the guest‘s profitability, not the room revenue generated.There has been a lot of altercation lately about the move from REVPAR to GOPPAR, TOTALPAR or some other such acronym; this is where those c ompanies who practice Total Hotel Revenue Management will win, in realizing it is not about the room, it is all about the guest. raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 6 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 Restaurant Revenue Management (RRM) Revenue-management tools can be used by restaurant managers to analyze the ffects of process-control changes. A dinner house seeking to shift demand and to achieve greater facility utilization during busy times analyzed the factors that caused delays in the service process—and thus increased the guest queue. Although the restaurant was able to hasten the actual dining time, much of the slack was found in the processes that occurred before and after the actual dining period. Moreover, the restaurant managers were able to analyze customer-arrival and market-mix data in relation to the restaurant‘s table mix.Seat occupancy was improved by mat ching the table arrangement to the customer mix, and table turns were increased by improving the kitchen operations so that front-of-the-house functions could be tightened up. In particular, end-of-meal steps were speeded up. As a result of its process improvements, the restaurant enjoyed revenue growth greater than that of comparable restaurants. (Bertsimas and Shioda, 2003) The challenge of a floor manager is to decide when and where to seat each arriving customer.If there are only tables of four available and a party of two enters, does he seat the party at the larger table or reserve it for a larger, more revenue-producing party? In addition, if the restaurant takes reservations, he needs to further decide how to seat walk-in customers so that they would not take tables away from the reservation customers while considering the possibility of no-shows. These are important practical issues for restaurant managers, where in some cases a good floor manager can make the difference of couple of hundred dollars per night (Kimes, 1999).Thus, a tool that can help floor managers better make these decisions would be of significant value to a restaurant. Genesis / Background Nestled amidst the emerging central business district of Cyberabad-Madhapur, the fastest growing commercial destination of Hyderabad, also known as the ? new Silicon Valley of India? , The Westin Hyderabad Mindspace (TWHM) identifies myriad possible aspects that can offer a sense of wellness to business travellers when they stay at the hotel. The author captures the unique ? wellness‘ service approach that the hotel has on offer. The 428-room property is the largest one in Hyderabad.Opened in December 2009, the property managed an average occupancy of 50 per cent until March end. The revenue share raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 7 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 of the hotel is 70:30 for room/F&B and banquet/conferences, respectively. Effectively, it is being positioned as the benchmark that the brand wants to set in India and that it is known for internationally. Nancy London, Vice President – Global Brand Leader, Westin, explains, â€Å"The idea is to preserve wellness in travel.Customers from various facets could derive this wellness factor where they interact in our hotel as our guest. So, each and every aspect has to offer that very essence of wellness that Westin stands for. † 3. Approach / Methodology: A Case Restaurant operators can manipulate two main strategic levers to manage revenue: price and meal duration. Price is a fairly obvious target for manipulation, and many operators already offer price-related promotions to augment or shift peak-period demand (e. g. , early bird specials, special menu promotions).More-sophisticated manipulations of price include daypart pricing, day-of-week pricing, and price premiums or discounts based on party or table size. Managing meal duration (i. e. , speeding table turns) is a bit more complicated, as discussed ahead. For example, meal duration depends in part on the efficiency of the restaurant‘s service cycle, as well as on the foible of customer arrival patterns and diners‘ deciding to linger (or not) after the meal. However, as explained further, duration control has great potential in a revenue-management strategy.To develop an RRM program, managers should (1) establish the baseline of performance, (2) understand the drivers of that performance, (3) develop a revenue management strategy, (4) implement that strategy, and (5) monitor the strategy‘s outcomes. This paper discusses and illustrates how to establish the baseline and understand its drivers, and how to develop a revenue-management strategy. The article starts off with a brief introduction to revenue management, followed by a description of the restaurant that provided data for this study. In so oing, the author analyzes the restaurant‘s baseline performance, including seat occupancy, revenue per available seat hour (RevPASH), party size/mix, and dining duration. The author also analyzes/examines the possible causes of performance. After reviewing the revenue management strategies for duration control the author talks about how managers could implement those strategies. The article concludes with an evaluation of the said restaurant‘s revenue-management strategy and recommendations for how other restaurateurs can implement revenue management. raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 8 of 16 understudy project ood & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 With all the data that are collected by the POS software, a revenue-maximizing seating policy can be utilized. The present paper stems from the belief that restaurants can increase their revenue by optimizing their nesting decisions, i. e. , when to save tables in anticipation for larger parties, even when there are smaller parties currently in queue. To control duration, managers can use either internal means (i. e. , those that do not involve customers) or external means (that do involve customers).The chief internal duration-control methods involve regulating and redesigning service processes (including speeding up service to promote customer turnover and providing an optimal table mix), forecasting customer arrivals (i. e. , forecasting the timing and party-size mix of arriving customers), and implementing inventory controls (usually through overbooking, if a restaurant takes reservations). External methods include booking fees or guarantees (e. g. , having guests guarantee reservations on a credit card) and such behavioural approaches as restricting the length of time that customers can use the table.Not surprisingly, most firms have chosen to manage duration internally, so as not to risk dissatisfied customers. The Study Site As part of the research the author developed an RRM system for an extensive, casual coffee shop in Mindspace, Hyderabad. Seasonal Tastes, a 208-seat restaurant, serves regional Indian and international favourites, and also features a live show kitchen concept that has Chefs actually interacting with guests while serving. The oriental theme show kitchen here takes authenticity to new heights while the centre piece bread oven bakes freshness into every slice. Its average check is approximately $18 (INR 840/-).The Japanese Sushi counter, the cold plate dessert counter, the SuperFoodsTM offering for breakfast and the Spa cuisine make the a-la-carte options here as appetizing, the roasted beef and goat cheese gateaux, the fishand-chips, the roasted lamb chops and the mango cheese cake are signature dishes. The restaurant is open 24 x 7 and has a manager always on duty. The next section describes the type of data and analysis necessary to establish a baseline, the tools that can be used to under stand actual service-cycle performance and operational tactics that are part of a revenue-management strategy.The researcher uses his experience at Seasonal Tastes to illustrate the discussion. raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 9 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 4. The Five-step Revenue Management Approach The managers and the author used the five-step process explained here to develop a revenue management strategy for the restaurant. Rather than attempt price-related promotions, the focus was on internal revenue management, specifically related to the duration of the dining experience.Although the data presented here are specific to Seasonal Tastes, the process and analyses described can be applied to any restaurant. Step 1: Establish a Baseline The first step in the process was to establish the restaurant‘s baseline performance. Baseline statistics were drawn from five sets of four-week periods of point-of-sale (POS) data and detailed time studies over the same time-frame. Using these data, an analysis of average check per person, RevPASH, seat occupancy, meal duration (from both the POS data and the time studies), and the party-size mix by day of week and hour of day was done.The POS data showed that the average check per person for the 208-seat main dining room was approximately near about INR 840/- (refer Exhibit D). Calculated by day of week and hour of day, average check ranged from INR 505/- at breakfast to INR 1,324/- at brunches on Sundays (Considering only the main meal periods, viz. Breakfast, lunch and dinner). The highest check averages occurred on Friday and Sunday afternoons, while the lowest checks occurred for lunch on Wednesdays. (Since breakfast is a part of the room plan its APC generally remains the lowest) RevPASH provides a good estimate of seat occupancy combined with the average check.This statistic is useful in two ways, the f irst being the important matter of how much revenue the restaurant is realizing in each time period. RevPASH was calculated by first determining the total hourly revenue from the main dining room for each day of the week and then dividing the hourly revenue by the 208 covers, as shown in Exhibit E. RevPASH ranged from INR 207/- on Mondays at Breakfast to INR 3,208/- on Fridays at Lunch. The highest RevPASH of INR 5,959/- was recorded on Sundays between 11:00 to 16:00 hours and on Fridays from noon to 15:00 hours.The lowest RevPASH was experienced mid-week postbreakfast, before noon and late-night. raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 10 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 SEASONAL TASTES? BASELINE The first thing done to determine the baseline at ? Seasonal Tastes‘ was collection of data from the POS system. The resulting data were analyzed to develop hourly arrival rates, meal tim es, and RevPASH. All results presented in this paper are from January 2010 – May 2010.The data was extracted on the date, the check number, the transaction time, the party size, and the transaction amount. Each party at the restaurant usually had multiple transactions for their meal-including when the check was opened, when orders were entered, and when the check was closed. (In a few cases there were just two transactions: when the check was opened with the entire order and when it was closed at the end of the meal. Any voided checks were excluded from the study. ) The usable data was then transferred to Microsoft Excel, where the multiple transactions were condensed into a single record for each party.Each record contained information on the date, the check number, the starting time, the closing time, the party size, and the check amount for each party. Data analysis to find the number of hourly arrivals, the mean and standard deviation of meal duration, and the hourly RevP ASH was performed using Microsoft Excel. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS It was not at all surprising to find that Sunday brunches and Wednesday – Thursday nights were busy and profitable, but the low RevPASH and head counts that we recorded for the other nights and all lunch periods were unexpected.The average meal time of almost an hour and a quarter seemed right, but we were alarmed at the high standard deviation of the meal time. Armed with this knowledge and the results of the time study, the author decided to proceed to the next step and study the possible causes of the aforesaid findings. Step 2: Understand the Causes A variety of tools can be used to help managers understand the underlying causes behind operational problems, including service blueprints, process analysis, and fishbone diagrams. Those techniques are fairly simple to implement and have been widely used in total-qualitymanagement programs.Service blueprints can be used to graphically illustrate a service process. Th e steps in the process are mapped and the connections between steps are identified. One of the key strengths of the service blueprint is the identification of potential delays and failure points. raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 11 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 THE CAUSES AT SEASONAL TASTES A blueprint for Seasonal Tastes was developed so as to identify potential sources of failure.It was noticed that the biggest problem at Seasonal Tastes was the length and variability of dining time. Reducing the mean dining time would be difficult without first reducing the standard deviation of the meal time. The consensus reached upon was that if variation could be reduced, the average meal time could also be reduced. Possible Causes Low seat occupancy Equipment Table mix Methods Personnel Customers Hard to find Reneging Materials Wait list Meal duration and variation Point-of-sale termina ls Credit-card authorization Service stations Restaurant layoutBussing Training Hosting Number Communication Commitment Compensation Management Hosting Training Seating Greeting Food and beverage delivery Cooking Check processing Pre-bussing Check drop Check pick-up Check processing Folder drop Management Pre-bussing Communication Hosting Number Commitment Compensation Management Choose to linger Unsure how to behave Party size Trays Payment and Credit-card folders departure authorization Point of sale terminal Training Number Commitment Compensation Training Number Commitment Compensation ManagementChoose to linger Unsure how to behave Uncomfortable Check folders Bussing Folder pick-up Stacking space Service Stations Bucket, trays Cleaning supplies New place settings The Problem: High standard deviation of meal duration Figure K: Possible Causes of Poor Performance at Seasonal Tastes raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 12 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 Step 3: Developing a Revenue-management Strategy The busy (hot) and slow (cold) periods by day of week and meal-period were first identified.Hot periods were defined as times when guests were waiting to be seated, and the remaining periods were cold. The restaurant had ten hot hours per week, which became the focus of the revenue management program. The two major goals were to reduce dining duration by ten minutes and to increase seat occupancy by 10 percent during the hot periods. An ancillary goal was to reduce the standard deviation of total dining time by 30 percent. It was expected by these changes to increase revenue by at least 5 percent during the ten hot hours, as explained further.The goal of increased seat occupancy could be achieved by attracting more customers, providing a better table mix so more customers could be accommodated, and reducing the dining duration so more customers could be served. The restaurant already had excess demand on Sunday Brunches and Friday Lunches (as indicated by the waiting lines). More worrisome, because the restaurant‘s current table mix and dining duration would not allow the restaurant to serve additional customers, the manager‘s focus was on improving the table mix and reducing dining duration.THE FIVE PERCENT (5 %) SOLUTION To assess the revenue effects of increased occupancy and decreased dining duration, we first calculated the annual revenue for the hot periods. To review, during the ten hot hours each week, the main dining room had an average seat occupancy of 63 percent, an average check of $18 (INR 840/- approx. ), and an average dining time of seventy-five minutes. Annual sales for the restaurant in January – May 2010 totalled (INR 20,699,517/-). The restaurant took in about one-fourth (INR 5,000,000/- approx. ) of its monthly revenue during its ten hot hours.If hot seat occupancy increased from 50 percent to 60 pe rcent, even if dining duration remained the same, monthly revenue would potentially increase by 7. 3 percent (INR 1,511,065/-). Beyond that, if dining duration could be decreased from seventy-five minutes to sixty-five minutes, even if seat occupancy remained the same, the annual revenue potential would increase by 3. 8 percent (INR 786,582/-). If both factors could be changed (i. e. , seat occupancy increased and dining duration decreased at the same time), the annual revenue potential would increase by 11. 9 percent (INR 2,463,243/-).Even if only half of the revenue raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 13 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 potential could be achieved, the restaurant could nevertheless achieve better than a 5 percent increase in annual revenue. Step 4: Possible / Probable Implementation Once the strategy was developed, the hard work of implementation begins. In keeping with the strategy, implementation should focus on training staff, convalescing table mix and on improving the efficiency of service delivery.TABLE MIX An optimal table mix, one that matches party-size mix as closely as possible, would allow this restaurant to serve an increased number of customers with no increase in the number of seats, thereby boosting seat occupancy during busy periods. UNCERTAINTY OF DURATION A restaurant who has dealt with the arrival-time issue must be able to predict meal-length, because this controls the number of tables available. With this information, restaurants can decide which reservation requests to accept, and restaurants with a large walk-in trade will be better able to provide accurate estimates of waiting time for guests in the queue.In addition, a reduction in meal duration during busy periods can increase seat occupancy and table turnover and thus can lead to increased revenue. As stated at the outset, one of the difficulties of implementing re venue management in restaurants is the fact that their explicit unit of sale is a meal (or an event) rather than an amount of time, although one can also argue that the true measure of the restaurant‘s product is time. While the likely length of a meal can be estimated, its actual duration is not firmly set. Reduced dining times can have considerable revenue potential during high-demand periods.Here, Seasonal Tastes, a restaurant with 208 covers, an approx. $20 average check, an average one-hour twenty minutes dining time, and a busy period of three hours per day. During busy periods, defined as those when customers are waiting for a table, a decrease in dining time can increase the number of customers served and the associated revenue. Under the example, the restaurant could theoretically serve approximately 400 covers during its three-hour busy time, assuming all 208 covers were occupied two times for exactly eighty minutes each time.That would result in revenue of $8000. If the average dining time could be raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 14 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 reduced to 50 minutes, the potential number of customers served would increase to 750, and the potential revenue would increase to $15,000, an increase of 18%. The question of how customers would react to such changes, however, causes restaurant operators to approach time decreases with caution. Step 5: Monitor OutcomesAs with much business practice, the success of revenue management cannot be assessed without measuring changes. After establishing the baseline and implementing revenue management, operators must develop a system to measure financial, operational, and customer-satisfaction performance. 5. Summary and Conclusion By implementing revenue management tactics, Seasonal Tastes, would be able to increase revenue by approximately 5 percent. The improved table-mix, the chang es in the service delivery, and the improved training led to the improvement in the restaurant‘s performance.Seat occupancy and RevPASH would increase, at the same time leading to a decrease in dining duration and variability, and thus an increase in revenue. Other restaurant could realize similar results by carefully analyzing their current performance, determining the causes of that performance, and developing appropriate strategies to improve it. Changes in table-mix and problematic service-delivery processes hold particular promise, but only with proper implementation that emphasizes training, employee buy-in, and enhanced management. 6. References o o o Anderson, C. and Xie, X. (2010), ?Improving hospitality industry sales: twenty-five years of revenue management? , Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, Vol. : 51, No. : 1, pg. : 53 – 69 Bertsimas, D. and Shioda, R. (2003), ? Restaurant revenue management? , Operations Research, Vo. : 51, No. : 3, pp. : 472 – 486 Bh ar, S. (2010), ? Creating a culture of wellness? , Express Hospitality, June 15 – 30, 2010 Issue, Section: Spotlight, Management Article, online available at: raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 15 of 16 understudy project food & beverage revenue management: implementation at ‘the westin hyderabad mindspace’ july 2010 etrieved on June 16, 2010 at 11:15 hours o o Cross, R. (1997), ? Revenue Management? , London: Broadway Books HSMAI Online article, Anon. (2010), ? The need for a more holistic approach to revenue management? , published on March 10, 2010, available at retrieved on June 12, 2010 at 11:01 hours o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Hwang, J. (2008) ? Restaurant table management to reduce customer waiting times? , Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Vol. : 11, No. : 4, pp. : 334 — 351 Kimes, S. and McGuire, K. , (2001), ? Function-space revenue management? , Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. : 33, pg. : 33  œ 47 Kimes, S. and Robson, S. (2004), ? The impact of restaurant table characteristics on meal duration and spending? , Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. : 45, No. : 4, pg. : 333 – 348 Kimes, S. and Thompson G. (2004), ? Restaurant revenue management at Chevys: determining the best table mix? , Decision Sciences, Vol. : 35, No. : 3, pg. : 371 – 392 Kimes, S. Barrash, D. and Alexander, J. , (1999), ? 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Applying capacity-management science: the case of Browns restaurant? , Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. : 40, No. : 3, pg. : 22 – 32 Thompson, G. (2002), ? Optimizing a restaurant‘s seating capacity: use dedicated or combinable tables Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. : 43, pg. 48 – 59 Thompson, G. (2003), ? Optimizing restaurant-table configurations: specifying combinable tables? , Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. : 44, pg. : 53 – 61 Thompson, G. and Kwortnik, R. Jr. (2008), ? Pooling restaurant reservations to increase service efficiency? , Journal of Service Research, Vol. : 10, No. : 04, pg. : 335 – 348 Thompson, G. and Sohn, H. (2009), ? Time-and capacity-based measurement of restaurant revenue? , Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, Vol. : 50, No. : 04, pg. : 520 – 539 raathi, k. (h – 16045) page 16 of 16 understudy project