Ethics and Corporate Accounting Practices Research Paper

Ethics and Corporate Accounting Practices - Research Paper Example It is the structure with the help of which the objectives of the company are developed and means for attaining those goals and objective and ways of monitoring them are determined. In this scenario the role of ethics is well understood. Ethics is the moral philosophy, which involves systematic study of honest obligations, agreements, values and rules (Bloxham, 2011). Ethically carrying out the business operation in organizations is a general norm that prevails since the ancient ages. However, ethical norms or governance in case of financial reporting is a comparatively new concept, which is further transformed due to the challenging global business scenario. The major article that has been selected for this study is â€Å"Corporate governance and sustainability: New and old models of thinking†, by Eleanor Bloxham published in 2010. It discusses the traditional as well as latest significance of corporate governance in organizations. Apart from this, the transformations of the f inancial models with the changing times have been also stated. However, there are other supporting articles that have been utilized in this study in order to present a 360 degree view of corporate governance and its impacts. ... Apart from this, the role and usage of technology in financial record-keeping would be scrutinized, so as discuss the strengths and weakness of the IT based infrastructure in corporate governance. CRITICAL EVALUATION Responsibility of Corporate Governance The responsibility of corporate governance does not lie only on the shoulders of the managers in the organization. Before focusing specifically towards corporate governance in case of financial decisions making, a brief discussion on the stakeholders of the organization that are also responsible for maintaining ethics and governance in the organization would be presented in this section. There are approaches around the world based on which the role of the shareholders in corporate governance has been defined. In countries like UK and US, the corporate governance norms focus on maximizing the wealth of the shareholders through efficient means off course. However, in the primacy approach the shareholders are treated as stakeholders wh ere directors have the legal enforcement to consider the duties of the shareholders. From the economic perspective, shareholders are the risk bearers for the company. While another approach states that shareholder's primacy should be followed and directors are primarily accountable to the shareholders (Hib, 2012). Board of directors holds the major position in case of corporate governance. They are accountable to the stakeholders and primarily to the shareholders of the company. The board also focuses on the performance of the organization and the board. The management is responsible for the sustainability by enhancing the enterprise value of the company and also directs the company towards its corporate objective. It is the

Carbon, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Cycles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Carbon, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Cycles - Essay Example When the animals and plants die and they decompose, carbon atoms are returned back to the atmosphere, and the cycle starts again. Humans have the ability to negatively impact the carbon cycle. The most common method of doing this is by burning any type of fossil fuel, including oil, coal, and natural gas. When fossil fuels are burned, CO2 is produced and released into the atmosphere. While breathing CO2 is a normal part of the carbon cycle, when humans create more CO2 than oxygen-producing plants cannot keep up with, the cycle is thrown off (Wigley, 2000). In a similar sense, humans are also impacting the carbon cycle by cutting down plants, trees, and whole forests, further ridding ourselves of one of the aspects of the carbon cycle, as well as a vital component of oxygen production. The phosphorus cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that takes place as phosphorus moves through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Phosphorus is found in rocks and begins as phosphate ions. When i t rains, the phosphate ions are removed from the rocks and are distributed into the soil and water. From there, plants absorb the phosphorus compounds from the soil, then animals take up the phosphorus atoms when they eat the plants. These phosphorus atoms are also found in water, where plants can absorb the water or animals can take a drink. When phosphorus is in the water, it gradually accumulates over time into insoluble deposits (Cole, 1999), which will be released back onto land as rocks, prompting the cycle to go again. Humans can impact the phosphorus cycle by creating too much phosphorus in the environment. When humans use fertilizers or pesticides, which are heavy in phosphorus atoms, they move the phosphorus around and it becomes excess runoff. As runoff, the phosphorus can end up in large bodies of water, which can lead to eutrophication, killing animals and plants that rely on that body of water. Also, sewage treatment facilities that use lakes and rivers as dumping grou nds create phosphate pollution that can grow algae and cyanobacteria, which destroys the oxygen in the water and reduces species diversity. The nitrogen cycle is the process in which nitrogen makes its way through nature. Nitrogen is an essential element for life; humans do not use the nitrogen, but it is still vital for our bodies. When plants and animals die, they decompose and add nitrogen into the soil. Bacteria within the soil converts the nitrogen into a form of nitrogen that plants are able to use to help themselves grow (Bothe, 2007). Animals and people eat the plants, obtaining their source of nitrogen. The animals and plants decompose and return nitrogen back into the soil. The cycle then repeats itself. Humans can impact the nitrogen cycle by producing too much nitrogen. They are capable of doing this through the pollution emitted by vehicles and chemical plants, doubling the amount of annual transfer of nitrogen into biologically-available forms (Howarth, 2006), as well as by force-feeding plants nitrogen through nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Humans can also impact the nitrogen cycle by depleting the amount of nitrogen that is made accessible. This can be done by the dumping of sewage and other types of organic matter into bodies of water, which damages oxygen levels, thus damaging nitrogen supplies. References Bothe, H. (2007). Biology of the nitrogen cycle.

Role Of Social Networking Sites In Election Campaigns Media Essay

Role Of Social Networking Sites In Election Campaigns Media Essay Social networking sites are online services or platforms that focus on building and reflection social relations among people. They proved to be a fundamental communication tool in every aspect and a limitless source of information campaign strategy. Their effectiveness to gather and communicate a targeted political message, raising the stakes in strategy and aggressive social media participation helps in election campaigning. The use of social networking sites in political parties spans across increased media exposure, funding, participation and has increased mobilisation and enthusiasm in numerous recent political campaigns. Social networking sites has become fast and low cost communication tool and enables quick and easy access to political information among potential users. Campaigning managers use these sites as an effective way for recruiting new employees and other campaigning strategies. From past two decades social networking sites and systems is been used in political campaigning and dialogues. In year 1996 email and social networks was widely used as source of communication among political parties and groups of people. During year 2006 at Belgian elections catchphrase Think was circulated among people through Myspace so as to stimulate people in discussions and thought around voting preference and encouraging people to reconsider voting for right party. In the same year a survey was conducted on Myspace users over 18 years of age and it was found that they were three times more likely to take part in an online political discourse than traditional way. In year 2007 it was found out that 40% of all social networking users  had  used Myspace and Facebook  as a source for  political information  in the United States (US) and  20%  of people used  these sites  to discover the political interests of their friends.  It has been  suggested  that Myspace is so effective that it should be a key part to any campaign strategy. Barack Obama has successfully used Twitter, Myspace, Youtube and Facebook as an effective tool in communicating and mobilising people. He spends around $2 million in election campaigning and building a social networking site known as MyBarackobama.com. Republican Party also used social networking sites in 2008 elections to promote John McCain. There is great potential for political parties to raise large sums of money in short periods of time using social networking sites through micro-fund-raising. The use of micro-donations not only enable candidates to raise funds rapidly it gives a sense of involvement and participation to those who have donated, no matter how small the amount. In the year 2008 US presidential election $55 million was raised in one month and 80% of which were online donations. With social networking sites political campaigning add to a visibility to politicians personal and professional life. It leads to accountability and risk. As they can filmed anywhere and these could be uploaded anytime which goes around like a disease among people and can be used for political gains. These political strategies were used in American politics. Another fact related to same is that some parties even hire people who not only keep track of their accounts but also of competitors account and keeps on uploading and distributing such video content through Youtube. . An example of this  high-level of exposure can be seen in the 2006 US election cycle  as  one senator was filmed making a racial slur, which was uploaded to YouTube and it became the most viewed video. This increased exposure of political candidates adds another dimension to political campaigning of smear campaigning of opposition candidates with ease. While political parties may not have the level of control over the content that is distributed but these social networking  sites have facilitated an  increase  in  the rate of political participation.  As these networking sites create an easily accessible medium for people to find, distribute and absorb. Evidence from a number of studies supports the theory that the Internet has beneficial effects on online political involvement. Internet use encourages higher levels of political participation: for example, forwarding e-mails with political content, online voting, and so forth. And online communications through social networking sites can aid in political engagement. YouTube and other social media sites allow campaign strategies to easily target limitless voters with great communication power. According to a Pew Internet and American Life study, 46% of American voters have used the Internet, text messaging or email for political mobilisation, discussion and to access political news and information and 35% of people in the US watched political videos on YouTube. In 2008 presidential elections in US new technologies combined with these social networking sites have been used as to advertise to potential voters and their mobilisation. The demographic for the internet has widened and social networking is no longer just for young people. In year 2006 over 50% of American YouTube and Myspace users were 35 years or older, and the proportion of 12 to 17 year olds were declining. Social networking sites  do not just represent a young demographic.  Politically engaged people  and political participation is increasing throughout the community through the use of social networking sites. Thus, social networking is playing a substantial role in political process in recent years. Not only it has been effectively utilised by political parties of western countries in the campaign cycles, political issues groups and otherwise unrepresented minorities, but also as a means of open and uncensored communication for citizens in countries with oppressive government control over other media conduits. The use of these online tools has seen a shift in the funding models of political parties through the highly effective use of micro-donations. These sites have expanded the reach and accuracy of strategically targeted communications by political parties to potential voters.  There is an increase in  political participation  and people garner a greater sense of contribution through the use of social networking sites and social media, influencing involvement with political parties in the greater community.   Social networking sites have proven to be a powerful political tool and we can only expect that it will grow limitlessly alongside the political machine. Past Cases of Social Networking Sites as a tool in Election Campaigning: Kenya Elections: In Kenya elections in year 2006 these social media such as Myspace, Twitter, Facebook, Youtube, Flickr etc. is been used in mobilising and sharing and gathering of information and raising the money in restricted time. It was also seen social media as a way to get involved in political parties response to mainstream media. During the Kenya post-election crisis people mobilised a website called Ushahidi for people to collaboratively report where violent clashes has taken place. Perspectives and commentary on the post-2006 election crisis in Kenya were seen in online networking sites as a way to criticise the media and government and it was found that views and discussion topics seen in social networking sites were much more diverse that seen in mainstream media. Internet and Social Networking Sites in Election Campaigns: Gabriela Womens Party in Philippines wins the 2007 Elections Philippines also embarked on using Internet, social networking sites and the mobile phones for their 2007 elections. Gabriela Womens Party (GWP), among others, was one of them. Given the limited funds for mass forms of communication, the party made use of new communication technologies, in particular, the Internet and social networking sites like YouTube and Friendster along with its website, to augment traditional campaign techniques. The (GWP) won two seats, making it the first and only womens group in the country to attain such a feat in the party list group contest (Alojamiento, 2007). Maximizing YouTube YouTube and Friendster are very popular among young female Internet users in the country. It was only logical for the GWP to turn to these sites to expand their networks and establish their presence among Filipino voters. Political advertising is an obsession among politicians in the country especially when it comes to TV advertising. All parties make efforts to be on television and spend the maximum amounts on advertising. Television advertising being expensive, the GWP after a few commercials on television, extended this kind of advertising to YouTube by uploading a video endorsement of Angel Locsin, a young local celebrity. Use of Social Media in US : Over the past two decades  online  social networking  sites and  systems  have  been  effectively  used  to increase political  dialogue. In 1996 email was widely used across social networks as a means of facilitating  people and groups for political purposes .  In 2007 it was estimated that  40% of all social networking users  had  used Myspace and Facebook  as a source for  political information  in the United States (US) and  20%  of people used  these sites  to discover the political interests of their friends.   Barack Obama successful used Twitter, Flickr, YouTube, Facebook among others to communicate and mobilise people. He also had a $2 million dollar custom campaigning and social networking site built called MyBarackobama.com (Walmsley 2008; Crow 2008; Talbot 2008).  The Republican party used social networking sites during the 2008 to promote candidate John McCain, even at 71 years of age, which demonstrated their understanding of the importance of its use. Political parties are now actively engaging with social networking sites as part of their campaign strategies. Political campaign strategies have successfully used social networking sites to increase campaign funding. Howard Dean, in 2004, was the first US politician to explore the financial value in using the Internet as part of his campaign strategy. He successfully used the Internet to facilitate small donations online instead of the traditional big fund-raising events. During this same year Democratic Presidential candidate John Kerry raised $80 million in online donations. Within two months of creating a MySpace page during the US 2006 election cycle one Republican candidate raised donations by 20%  The Barack Obama campaign during the 2008 US presidential election raised $55 million in one month 80% were online donations and 90% of those were under $200 each. This was before he had run a single fund-raising event . Social networking sites create an easily accessible medium for people to find, distribute and absorb political information. YouTube and other social media sites allows campaign strategies to easily target limitless voters with great communication power .According to a Pew Internet and American Life study, 46% of American voters have used the Internet, text messaging or email for political mobilisation, discussion and to access political news and information 35% of people in the US watched political videos on YouTube .This ease of access combined with new technologies enables campaigners to strategically target and customise their marketing approach. Social networking sites enable a more targeted approach to election campaigning. The US Republican 2008 presidential campaign used an internal database, called the Voter Volt, matched with internet searches to advertise to potential voters using social networking sites .These new technologies combined with the use of social networking sites not only increases the accuracy of the campaign message through targeted advertising, it has also helped to increase the size of the audience.  During the 2008 US Election new technologies allowed The Republican National Committee to increase the number of potential voters on their database by 6-fold compared to their 2004 campaign .The use of these new tools have the added potential to increase mobilisation. Benefits of Social Networking Sites usage in Political Campaigning: Mass Coverage: The biggest advantage that social networking sites provide in an election campaign is of mass coverage with sites such as Myspace, Twitter, Facebook , Youtube, Linkdein , orkut etc. Data table from i strategy labs generating no of users of facebook between age of 18 and 24 are as follows: It can be seen youth between age 18 and 24 using facebook accounts for 40.8% and in middle age group constitute of 16.6%. So political parties targeting youth and middle age group can be benefited if campaigning through these sites. Cost Effective : Political campaigning through these sites is very cost effective methods as the cost involved is very low. And in past micro donations can be arranged easily through these sites only. This has been seen in presidential elections in year 2008 taken place ay US. Emergence of new political parties: With social networking sites as a tool used for election campaign emergence of new political parties can be seen. More of individual politicians are encouraged and are emerging out in elections. They are reaching to public with their ideas being communicated well using the videos on Youtube or post on twitter or on Facebook account or through blogs with many followers acting as agents and their promoters. Environmental and Societal benefits: The other benefits associated with campaigning through networking sites are of environmental and societal benefits to general public in all. While campaigning through these sites the major tool of campaigning traditionally that is pamphlets is through emails, posts and blogs. Thus reducing the usage of paper and saving trees. Also society is saved from traffic jams, noise pollutions when campaigning is done on these sites. Moreover while campaigning on these sites an add on feature of more visibility leading to accountability is been ensured, giving a right to voters to have all information and then deciding upon the right candidate to vote for. Presence in India: Political parties in this day and age are now trying to use web as a medium to gain attention of the masses. Employing internet as a strategy to make an appeal to the masses is also being used a host of NGOs and non-profit organizations, such as the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy and Public Interest Foundation. These organisations are using internet, alongwith traditional media like radio and television, to launch initiatives geared toward raising awareness among the electorate. There are nationwide campaign ensuring to increase transparency in Indian elections by combining information about constituencies and candidates. The purpose of these campaigns are: Provide information regarding the representatives based on the information they have provided through affidavits to the Election Commission   Provide information about a constituency Give a chance to the public to give feedback on work done by their elected representatives The media excitement around the election is being generated by the middle-class urban youth, who   believe in bringing about a change. Of late, many Indian politicians have begun considering internet as a viable medium for interactive communication and are, consequently, making their presence felt in the World Wide Web.  For instance BJP has launched a website for its prime ministerial candidate and for its chief ministerial candidate as well. Similarly, even the congress party is making use of social networking sites like youtube, facebook, twitter etc. to run social marketing campaigns. Thus, the presence of social networking sites in the indian electoral scenario is spellbound as the political parties now are resorting to online campaigning and voting systems. CONCLUSION : The present study and other studies cited in this paper mostly point out to both the importance of new media technologies and the trend towards their exploitation in current political settings. Their maximization for political campaigning should be viewed, however, in the context of where these new technologies operate Though studies have demonstrated that new technologies have been playing significant roles in campaigns in the US, the diffusion of online campaigning in parts of Asia, particularly in the Philippines, is unfolding but at a slower pace. These do not discount the promises of the Internet for political campaigning. If offline conditions change, it is likely that online uses will follow. In the meantime, it is important to look at the Internet as an integral part of a holistic political campaigning strategy, which can complement the use of traditional media and grassroots campaigning by reaching the growing segment of the population using the Internet. Future studies in this field of political communication would help in understanding how far the applications of the Internet and its contemporaries would go in bringing political actors closer to the public and how politics itself would change in the years to come as these new technologies become more sophisticated at the same time societies around the world evolve and change

COBOL :: Essays Papers

COBOL In the summer of 1998, St Louis Public Schools ( SLPS ) chose to convert form it's IBM System/390 mainframe to a client server environment. Not only was the SLPS affected but the Public School Retirement System ( PSRS ) was also affected since they use their mainframe system. PSRS started looking for a solution for their processing requirements. They were debating on weather to obtain an existing package to replace their system If they did would the be able to convert it to support how they run their business, or would they have to change how they conduct business to match the new software. They were also confused as to what new equipment might have to be purchased since they currently were running on older standalone workstations without a server. The organization decided to purchase new workstations, a server, a high-speed networked laser printer and Windows/2000 workstation and server components. Due to the organizations small size they elected to hire two contract software engineers to assist in the conversion, as well as process year end systems. The company also had to select a programming language, they decided on COBOL, the SLPS had a free copy of Micro Focus Net Express COBOL called the University Edition. It is available for schools to utilize in a classroom situation. The software was reviewed, it was decided that it would be adequate for their needs. It had features necessary to satisfy the requirements. Net Express is a Windows based product that is extremely powerful. That mainframe COBOL code formed the basis of the conversion, The conversion consisted mostly of modifying select statements, CICS code, some program calls to mainframe support routines, 'compare' statements also had to be checked for sequence problems ensuring that a mainframe 'if' statements of 'equal to' or 'greater than' were still valid for an ASCII based environment. The company found Downloading software and data files from the mainframe relatively easy, they used a mainframe access program called â€Å"Extra!† Packed fields were unpacked on the mainframe, downloaded to the server, and repacked if necessary. After the conversion took place the next task was to conduct year-end processing. This involved many tasks for the organizations, including; closing out of last year's business, income tax, providing information to our retirees, allowing for Open Enrollment for various insurance plans, and providing data to our actuarial firm to assist in funding and benefit decisions.

Sir Robert Peel and American Policing

Sir Robert Peel and American Policing Kristi Pursley CJA/214 August 15, 2011 Don Redden Sir Robert Peel and American Policing The history of policing dates back several thousand years ago when there was no order or peace and inhumane acts upon citizens was the norm with religious, political, or military police acting as the law. Policing was unstable and unorganized. Citizens took the law into their own hands and served as judge, jury, and executioner. There was not such a thing as being â€Å"innocent until proven guilty. If the community believed an individual was guilty of a crime then the community would handle the offense themselves. American policing stems from the English heritage; crime prevention and control, preventive patrol, and the quasi-military organizational method became the policing structure. The English colonists brought a criminal justice system as part of their cultural baggage (Walker & Katz,  2008,  p. 24). In addition, American policing also used other f eatures from the British system. A member of England’s elite social and political class fought to improve the structure of the law enforcement for more than 30 years. History expresses itself and acknowledges this member as the â€Å"father† of modern policing, otherwise known as Sir Robert Peel (Walker & Katz, 2008, p. 25). After the collapse of the England law enforcement in the early nineteenth century, Sir Robert Peel took a stand to control order and organization in the law enforcement system. He fought for many years for this and finally convinced the English Parliament to create the London Metropolitan Police in 1829. The officers became known as â€Å"Bobbies† in honor of Sir Robert Peel. The London Police Department set in motion three new elements that became the structure for modern policing; mission, strategy, and organizational structure. The mission was to prevent crime before it started rather than to respond after the crime has already taken place, known as crime prevention. The strategy was to have officers continually patrolling the fixed â€Å"beats† and allow them to be noticed to deter crime, also known as preventive patrol. The organizational structure came from the London military introducing, uniforms, rank designations, and the authorian system of command and discipline, otherwise known as Quasi-military style. Although Sir Robert Peel was not an officer of the law, he directed London’s police department with â€Å"Peel’s Nine Principals. † These principals were to act as the basis to control the police force in England and help to restore peace to the citizens. Peel believed it was better to try to prevent crimes and reform criminals. Peel’s Nine Principals read as follows: 1) The basic mission for which the  police  exist is to prevent crime and disorder. 2) The ability of  the police  to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions. ) Police must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. 4) The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force. 5) Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstratin g absolute impartial service to the law. 6) Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient. ) Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence. 8) Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary. ) The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it (Bloy, 2011). The United States admired Sir Robert Peel’s principals of policing and therefore adopted it to incorporate into their legal justice system of law enforcement. The government tried to incorporate Sir Robert Peel’s Principals into different cities with no luck or gratitude. In 1838, Boston became the first city to incorporate these principals and have the first organized policing in the United States. In 1845, New York City followed suit. Soon thereafter, Philadelphia followed suit but it did not follow the principals, destroying different forms of policing. Finally, Philadelphia collaborated their policing style to be organized and uphold order by way of Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principals. Sir Robert Peel, known as the ‘father’ of modern policing, set the foundation for organization and structure in modern day policing in London. The United States followed behind shortly thereafter to enlist a police force for order, organization, and service. Peel set up â€Å"Peel’s Nine Principals† which the United States still abides by to this day. The ‘father’ of policing has helped our government to overcome harsh judgment, corruption, and harsh actions, and has made it possible for citizens of this society to bond with local law enforcement. This has allowed our law enforcement to handle situations appropriately and incorporate bigger agencies to handle more diverse problems throughout the country. References Dr. Bloy, M. (2011, January 6). The Peel Web. Retrieved August 9, 2011 from www. historyhome. co. uk. Walker, S. , & Katz, C. M. (2008). The Police in America  (6th Ed. ). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Boethius Was Successful in His Argument That God Rewards

‘Boethius was successful in his argument that God rewards and punishes justly. ’ Discuss (35) Boethius was a philosopher teaching at the end of the Roman empire, in his 40’s he was arrested for suspected conspiracy with the Eastern Roman Empire and was eventually put to death at the age of about 44/45. Whilst in prison Boethius wrote his book, ‘The Consolation of Philosophy’ where he discusses in great depth with Lady Philosophy issues with God’s omniscience.In his writings, Boethius identifies an issue with God’s foreknowledge, our personal autonomy and the impact of how we are to be judged as when we enter the life after this. He identifies that if God has foreknowledge and knows our future, He then knows what we are going to do which in turn removes the idea that we have freedom to do what we choose. He also sees that if we have no free will when it comes to our judgement we will be judged unfairly and unjustly as God will have caused us to do that evil or not intervened to stop us from committing that evil. There seems to be a considerable contradiction and inconsistency between God’s foreknowledge and the existence of free will. ’ (Boethius). Boethius in his book creates a dialogue with Lady Philosophy, a personification of pure reason, whilst he plays a naive questioner. Boethius starts by questioning whether we have free will or not to which Lady Philosophy replies. She appears to Boethius and reassures that as we have the ability to reason we must then have free will and this is due to fact that our reason is what we use to make judgements which enables us to make decisions.However there are different classes of freedom, the most is when we are in contemplation and the least is when we are addicted our let our desires rule our head. This however creates another issue for Boethius, if we are free then we will be able to do what we like however if God knows what we are going to do then we must n ot have free will. It is impossible for God to be wrong as he is God and is omniscience. Lady Philosophy answers Boethius be replying that God is eternal in the sense that he is a temporal, existing outside the category of time itself.However there is another definition of which Boethius thought was unsuitable. God is eternal and he has no begging or no end, he always has existed and continues to do so. Boethius rejects this as he can’t see how a temporal God can judge someone if he experiences time himself. On the other hand Boethius didn’t consider the flaws of his definition of eternal God; a God that is outside the category of time is one whom cannot be personal, this also means that it doesn’t fit in with the traditional religious view of God who keeps his covenant with his people and sends his son to save us.But it also has its strengths such as it maintains the majority of the attributes of God, such as incorporeal and immutable. Boethius concluded from h is characterization of an eternal god that God is like a bird flying over a man walking down the path, the bird can see where the man has been, where he is and where he is about to go all at once. This is a power that God is able to use due to him being outside of time, he can see everyone’s past present and future simultaneously. His knowledge is total however not causal.Boethius expands on his idea of divine foreknowledge and goes onto explain the different types of necessity; simple and contingent. Simple necessity is related to a person’s nature so for example â€Å"man is a rational animal. † Whereas conditional necessity isn’t tied to the objects nature so for example you see Socrates sitting down it is conditional necessity because it is not in his nature to sit down as he has freedom to stand up in the next moment. From this Boethius concludes that God’s knowledge is total and not causal, he maintains that we have personal freedom and that God rewards and punishes us justly.However through this though a temporal God can be seen as an un-caring and un-omnibenpevolant as he cannot interact with us, he cannot answer our prayers, intervene with us and perform the miracles in the world. Conversely if we do not try to defend our personal freedom we also result in an un-loving and un-caring God. To conclude, I feel that Boethius was successful in his argument that God rewards and punishes us justly however in doing so moves away from an omnibenevolant God and towards a God who can only look on without helping us, it also undermines God’s omnipotence as he cannot interact with us.

buy custom Hotel Industries essay

buy custom Hotel Industries essay Introduction Hotel industries are among the private sectors which thrive during global recessions. A complete hotel industry includes hotels, restaurants, resorts, and pubs. Hotel industry is growing very fast at the global level. Thus, for hotels such as the Hill to achieve its vision, there is a need for better management principles which would enhance service delivery. Co-operation in the work place among the staff members presents a good image to the customers. Each of them has to take the overall responsibility in managing both the cost and revenue elements of a companys income statement commonly referred to as profit and loss responsibility. In Mills Hotels Leisure Center, the executive manager, who is also the General Manager, is the one who is responsible for the overall operation of a hotel. The manager holds ultimate power over the hotel operations. Common duties of a General Manager include hiring and management of a management team, overall management of hotel staff and financial management, creating and enforcing business visions and missions, managing projects, management of emergencies and other major issues such as, public relations including other additional duties. One of the reasons why the case study failed to succeed was due to the attitude that the operations manager had towards her work. We are told that, Penny Frobisher hates the first Monday in the month. That is the day of the monthly management meeting and the day on which the accountant goes through the previous months trading accounts. Penny hates the monthly accounts. Mainly she hates them because she doesnt understand them. After all as operations manager of the hotel and restaurant she is supposed to run the business and make sure it meets the targets set by Ahmed Moshan, the marketing manager. She is also supposed to do this within the budgets set by the (new) management accountant, Mark Ainsley. There is no way this business with an operational manager having such altitude would succeed. "Is there enough value in having such an operational manager? I think there is enough evidence that Penny, the operational manager was very ignorant in whatever was happening in the business. She was only interested in fulfilling what her marketing and accountant manager were up to. Though she was very hand working there is no way that the business would succeed with her pride. She was after promotion and therefore worked in every department in order to appear a hand working lady and get a promotion. Therefore, it is very clear that her promotion would lead to lack of fulfillment of the case study since there was no good management of the accounts. We ar told that no-one has ever explained the accounts to her and how her efforts affect them, so she hates the accounts and she hates the first Monday in the month. Though the idea to sell hen weekends to the brides was very much successful at first there was lack of facilities for more spa oriented that brought a lot of disappointment and therefore it was definite that the case study would not be fulfilled. Though Rosemary decided to suggest to her working mates the extension of facilities to involve a beauty room as well as a spa, she made this effort there was no way the idea would be adopted so as to fulfill the case study .The company also made a mistake asking for a lot of funds from the bank to improve the programme of the capital building .The huge amount of money borrowed would not allow the company to fulfill the case study. This was quite a lot of money that would not give the business a chance to raise enough capital in order to fulfill the case study. The presence of the External effects such as foot and mouth effect on the lodge as it is in a local area and trade of holiday is influenced by these typical incidents but the one who owned had not expected anything but great future success that was based on their very first few years in commerce. This big problem together the problem between managers could never allow the case3 to succeed. Ahmed had ever complained that their business could not tolerate with his initiatives for marketing and Pennys team had problems to cope with the current range of customer anticipations that the diversifying business comes up with. We are also told that the hotel lacked qualified accountant bookkeeping and other related administrative records were done by people who were not professionals on that area - a trained bookkeeper, Charlotte Evans with some help from one of the office staff. There is no way there would be success with such organization of the employees. Marks arrival has been come up with mixed feelings. There were fears that he would simply raise the amount of paperwork that was needed, and generated, and this shows how much workers would not work well leading to lack of fulfillment of case study .The concern that he was up to begin to set limits to the employee on what his team could and could not do, so reducing their independence. As it always happen, the success of the hotel was therefore under great threat. Though this, the fears have not been noted although the management meeting expected failure of the case study (based on figures that went round to all managers during that period of time). The rejection by Penny that she is not the only one person who had less idea of what the figures really meant could not take the company far. The fact that Penny was only interested in promotion was also a cause of failure of case study. We are told that she felt sure that as far as the rooms is full she will be in a big position to becom e developed to general manager in time. At the last management meeting there was a bit of a bombshell. The bank has asked for a thorough review of the companys trading activities before it can sanction any further support for the overdraft activity. It is concerned that the overdraft has been increasing steadily over the last few years and, despite the companys increased sales, the bank manager wants reassurance that the company is not out of control. The immediate response from several members of the team is that this is unwarranted interference in the running of the business but Rosemary has taken a view that this is a positive opportunity for them to look at what they are doing and see if there is a better way of working. She has asked Penny, Ahmed and Mark to form a business review team to go through all aspects of the companys operation to reassure the bank. Pennys heart sank. That meant she would have to admit that she really doesnt understand the monthly accounts, however she thinks she is not alone. The Mills company needs to increase its leisure activities as this has now become the biggest request by the customers. Therefore there is need for the company to install facilities countrywide within the UK to reach out to their customers. Strategies to satisfy the customer demand needs to be incorporated by developing leisure centers, coffee shops, full gyms and indoor swimming pools, Jacuzzi and steam rooms. The leisure centers would be designed to share the reception area within the hotel. The operation of the leisure centers will be open to all its residents and the center members with their guests. Recommendation One of the reasons why the case study failed to respond was due to presence of unqualified employees in that business. Book keeping and record keeping was done by personnels who were not qualified and that definitely brought the failure of response of the case study. Businesses should also take caution to avoid employees that are proud-if the operating director was not proud, the business would obviously have a smooth running. Conclusion The hotel did not respond to case study after the duration of the four years due to problems in management. The operating manger was not destined to achievement of goals of the company. She was only interested in her promotion in the job. Businesses should therefore take caution of such employees. Buy custom Hotel Industries essay

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example Cognitive Dissonance Paper Cognitive Dissonance Paper Cognitive dissonance theory was first proposed by Festinger in 1957 in which he suggested that there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i. e. beliefs/opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviours then something must happen to eliminate this inconsistency and the discomfort this causes. Festinger proposed that in the case of a discrepancy between attitude and behaviour it is likely to be that the attitude will alter to accommodate the behaviour. This theory was investigated in a study undertaken by Festinger and Carlsmith in 1959. Subjects were asked to undertake two very dull repetitive tasks. At the end some of the subjects were given one dollar and told to tell the next subject that the task was interesting. Another group of subjects were given twenty dollars and told to tell the next subject that the task was interesting. The final group was sent away once the task was complete without talking to anybody. The groups were subsequently interviewed and questioned on how interesting the task had been. The one dollar group reported that the task was interesting, the twenty dollar group reported the task was boring and the control group reported the same. The conclusion was that the one dollar group was not sufficiently rewarded for lying and therefore cognitive dissonance occurred. They convinced themselves the task was interesting in order to remove the cognitive dissonance. The twenty dollar group were sufficiently rewarded for lying so felt no cognitive dissonance. Dissonance theory and the motorist. When trying to change the attitudes and behaviour of motorists we need to explore Festingers theory of cognitive dissonance. For example, when a motorist takes a rat run in order to avoid a queue of traffic he may not in effect get to his destination any quicker, neither may he recognise the risks associated with his action. If he does recognise this then dissonance will occur. In addition to this he may also live on a residential road and feel aggrieved when motorists use his road to short cut, subsequently cognitive dissonance occurs. In attempt to alleviate this dissonance he may try and justify his actions by altering his attitude in saying that if rat running was a problem on the route he uses then the council would introduce a method of preventing it. He may also convince himself that other people are doing it and one more car wont make a difference. How do we as road safety professionals bring about a change in attitude? Other methods such as physical engineering works can be used to enforce behaviour change however this will only have a short term effect and will be related only to that locality. A long term attitude will have a beneficial effect upon behaviour at all similar situations. One of the biggest successes in road safety during recent times has been the drink drive challenge. In the 1960s and early 1970s it was seen as socially acceptable to drink drive. Your friends did it so you did it with little thought for the consequences. It is fair to say that increased enforcement of this issue has had some affect on reducing the numbers of motorists drink driving but the biggest success has been with attitude change following years of awareness raising and education campaigns. This has brought about a sea change in attitude whereby nowadays it is completely socially unacceptable to drink and drive and it is likely that friends would even prevent each other from doing so. Therefore it can be seen that with sustained targeted and appropriate education attitudes can be changed. It should therefore follow that if we invest the same resources in tackling the issues of inappropriate speed then we can bring about a sustained change in attitude regarding this. We therefore need to challenge the dissonance felt by speeding motorists. In West Sussex we run a road safety campaign aimed at challenging this dissonance. Called Make the Commitment the campaign encourages motorists to sign up to a pledge to say that they will not speed in residential areas. The campaign is adopted by whole communities and not only are the pledges signed but roadside posters are erected to tell motorists that they are in a speed pledge area. This campaign has been successful in challenging the behaviour of those motorists who speed in other areas but would not dream of doing so in their own area. Also included in the campaign has been a number of radio advertisements. This have been hugely successful in reaching the target audience at the time of the behaviour you are challenging thus creating cognitive dissonance in attempt to alter their behaviour at that time. The campaign has been successful in raising the awareness of inappropriate speed and its affects on communities. As mentioned earlier education is also key in bringing about a long term change in attitude and behaviour. The UKs Road Traffic Law Review (1988) recommended that: A pilot study of one day retraining in basic driving skills as a disposal should be undertaken to determine whether such retraining produces a lasting improvement in the driving skills of the offender undertaking it. The recommendation was prompted following the identification that a large number of motor vehicle collisions are caused by driver skills deficit. Furthermore, it was felt that this approach could also benefit drivers who persistently commit traffic violations. It was felt that these drivers attitudes towards committing offences could be modified, with a consequent reduction in their offending behaviour. The National Driver Improvement Scheme (NDIS) attempts to re-educate motorists who have committed offences such as speeding or non-conformity. Attendance is offered on a referral basis as an alternative to the motorist having a fine or penalty points imposed on them. It is likely that these reasons motivate most motorists to attend rather than a desire to change as they will probably believe that they are a safe driver who was unlucky to be caught on that occasion. Therefore, we may assume that the majority of these individuals consider that they made an active, unforced and positive choice in attending the course. Dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) suggests that NDIS clients will justify their physical, financial and psychological investment by changing their attitudes in such a way that they become consistent with those endorsed during the course. During the course attitudes and behaviour is examined and the consequences of inappropriate speeding is highlighted to the participants. Anecdotal evidence has shown that attitudes of even the most sceptical participants are affected by the course and whilst there is still much research to be undertaken to ascertain the long term affects of such programmes the initial research has shown that very few of the participants re-offend within the first two years after attending a course. It is also likely, though as far as I am aware not proven, that participants on the course will go on to re-educate others within their social circle as to the consequences of speeding. The course may therefore be having a greater impact than on just the referred participants.

Funny Mothers Day Quotes

Funny Mothers Day Quotes A touch of humor goes a long way in making relationships work. And when that relationship is a mother-child one, laughter can be a great stress alleviator. Think about it. A mother has to ensure her childs well-being, happiness, and safety every single day. She never gets to take the load off of her shoulders. Its not that she doesnt like to laugh, its just that she was so much to worry about. Why not give her the gift of humor this Mothers Day? Does your mother like jokes and funny movies? If humor is her thing, give her the joy of laughter on Mothers Day. Use these funny Mothers Day quotes in cards and on presents. A touch of humor will make the occasion memorable.   Funny Quotes Rita Rudner My mother is such a lousy cook that Thanksgiving at her house is a time of sorrow. Mark Twain My mother had a great deal of trouble with me, but I think she enjoyed it. Dan Quayle Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child. Phyllis Diller It would seem that something which means poverty, disorder, and violence every single day should be avoided entirely. But the desire to beget children is a natural urge. Kin Hubbard The worst feature of a new baby is its mothers singing. Louie Anderson My mom was a garage sale person, save money. Come on into the garage sale, you might find a shirt. Shed get in that garage sale and point stuff out to you. Theres a good fork for a nickel. Yeah, thats beautiful. Its a little high. If it were three cents Id snap it up. Oscar Wilde All women become like their mothers. That is their tragedy. No man does. Thats his. Paula Poundstone My mom said she learned how to swim. Someone took her out in the lake and threw her off the boat. Thats how she learned how to swim. I said, Mom, they werent trying to teach you how to swim. Tim Allen My mom said the only reason men are alive is for lawn care and vehicle maintenance. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar My mother had to send me to the movies with my birth certificate  so that I wouldnt have to pay the extra fifty cents that the adults had to pay. Dame Edna Everage My mother used to say that there are no strangers, only friends you havent met yet. Shes now in a maximum security twilight home in Australia. Rita Rudner Neurotics build castles in the air; psychotics live in them. My mother cleans them. Pamela Anderson Im a mother with two small children, so I dont take as much crap as I used to.

Education in the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education in the UAE - Essay Example Generally, the current education system has aided in developing the country’s economy in a number of ways. Education has facilitated better living standards for UAE citizens. Acquisition of advanced skills through education has enabled UAE residents secure well-paying jobs both at home and in foreign countries. In addition,education has facilitated acquisition of skills necessary for establishing personal businesses and self-employment. In this regard, many people can participate in nation building and public projects development. Participation of citizens innation building and other activities such as funding public projects has largely boostedthe economic growth of UAE. The current UAE education mechanism has aided in providing adequate personnel to run the country’s economic activities. The UAE isable to produce adequate personnel to serve in government and exportthe surplus to other countries. The current education system has been structured in away that facilitates training of technical and professional faculties such as engineering, medicine, accounting among others. This has assisted in lowering the wage bill since professionals acquired locally are cheaper than those acquired from foreign country. Money that used to be spenton acquiring human resource from other countries before the inception of the current education system isnow used for economic developments in the country. Education has helped in reducing over dependency on oil as the core source of income. In fact, the current education system in the UAE has boosted diversification of the economy base since unlighted people can engage in a variety of economic activities such as international trade, entrepreneurship, tourism and many other activities. The UAE education has a great potential of continued development in the next five years. This is because the UAE government has invested heavily on the new technology and

A Journal opinion article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

A Journal opinion article - Essay Example n of the FED hinted at reducing asset purchases which currently stand at US$85billion according to ‘The Globe and Mail’ online newsfeed, has made investors to pull out their investments out of the emerging markets and prepare to buy the dollars readying to invest in the US markets (Reuters 2013). Domestic problems have not helped the situation get better; the unrests that have been experienced in the mining industry have worsened the strength of the rand. The closer of Lomnin mines unnerved investors forcing the large pull off witnessed in early may, and with the riots not seeming to end anytime soon and the negotiations still in progress, the rand seem likely to remain on low levels for the coming few months. Another issue that is ailing the south African rand is the widening trade deficit that the country has; according to end of April report, the12-month debt levels had reached a staggering ZAR134 billion which is approximately 6.5% of the country’s GDP. With the strikes in the mines and crisis in the Euro zone where South Africa mainly exports its manufactured goods to, the deficit problems is not likely to go away and with it the current trends in the rand are to be maintained. The import market in South Africa has suffered the greatest blow; importers of good from overseas have been forced to increase prices for their commodities, which have trickled down to the citizens in this middle-income country in Africa. Exporters, who some few years back were lobbying the central bank to weaken the rand have also suffered huge setbacks in their business as they have to pay more to import the heavy machineries that are used in mining and manufacturing industries. The South African chamber for commerce is also not very optimistic about the situation as it reported lower confidence levels in the markets in the last two months. Most of the firms that depend on imports and goods for the high-end consumers have had to cut on their costs that includes laying off

Managerial Leadership. The skills and expertise required for being an Essay

Managerial Leadership. The skills and expertise required for being an authentic leader - Essay Example In order to evaluate my leadership potentials I have used primary research. After analyzing those data I do have a clear idea about myself and also evaluated the requirements within myself in order to become a successful authentic leader. Authentic Leaders: - Authentic leaders are the persons who actually know themselves and portray what they know about themselves from their heart. Some of the essential characteristics of an authentic leaders are they always speak the truth, leads from inside, courageous and ambitious (Holden Leadership center, n.d.). Introduction The purpose of the report is to critically evaluate my competence and efficacy as an Authentic Leader. The report will highlight the applications of the presented models within the lecture. Apart from this the report will also highlight on the Personal intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. The report will also portray the primary and secondary research conducted by me for the completion of the entire project. Report Aim and O bjectives The report is principally focused to demonstrate the four factors such as authentic leadership, values, self awareness and motivation. ... are indisputable in their purpose and recognize the purpose of their leadership as serving the customers, employees and investors and not the one related to self interest. Authentic leaders must perform their values constantly, balance their extrinsic and intrinsic motivations, build reliable relationships and operate with high levels of personal discipline and obedience. Therefore to become an efficient authentic leader self awareness is the most important factor. It comes from the understanding of the life stories of some eminent leaders and the impact of their crucibles and reflects on how their life stories and crucibles add to their motivations and their behavioural patterns. The leaders who do not take time their time out for introspection and manifestation of their life stories, crucibles and experiences are considered more susceptible towards being seduced. The seducing factors are external rewards such as authority, money, and recognition. The leaders may also feel the need to appear in such an ideal way so that other cannot confess any ill-activities and disclose their faults. In the process of becoming more self-aware, I have learned to find and accept my weak points, failures, and vulnerabilities, as like we appreciate our strengths and successes. While doing so, I gain compassion for myself and also tried to relate to the world around myself in authentic ways. This also allows me to release from the need to adopt pretences to astonish other people. This also helped in self understanding and what I am at an interior level. The report will also reveal how I learnt to reframe my failures and negative experiences into positive growth opportunities. Mindful leadership is a worldly idea which enables people to maintain effective leadership throughout their

Technology in Interior Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Technology in Interior Design - Essay Example With the introduction of technology, the interior design has really changed causing a positive impact to the design. The design is always expressed in terms of project unlike the research where the information is kept into someone’s mind. In the design there is a design evaluation which has numerous techniques that are existing in the post occupancy where the design evaluation and theory development. The design evaluations in relation to the settings that are used in the design are giving out the best productions. The theory development of the design gives a good basic background in terms of the relationship and concepts. The design evaluation gives a number of techniques that should be used in the interior design. These techniques are related to several methodologies that lead to the development of the interior design. The design theory development is a collection of information gathered from the scholarly books which can be used in creating new ideas and creates ways on how to solve interior design problems. Technology introduction to the design has also led to the increase of the ability to find solutions too many of the designs depending on the needs of each of the design. This has also led to the improvement of the design solutions increasing the productivity of the innovations. The design knowledge also has improvement over the foundations and the process making of the designs being created. This also gives the credit to the market of the design introducing clients who always come with the right data for processing and information that is very useful. In the use of data, everything must be analyzed in the right way and data to be used in the interior design will be also be used. The design phases are ready for the execution creating a good response to the design models and elements. During the research of the best methods to be used in the data collection

Win the Contract for a small business (Small remote control aircraft Essay

Win the Contract for a small business (Small remote control aircraft capable of long sustained flights) - Essay Example The organization is trying to expand their business operations by competing for Department of Defense contracts. The organization is trying to bid on a contract which is worth of more than 600,000 US dollar. Simplified acquisition method will be appropriate in this case based on the business scenario as simplified acquisition provides effective and easiest pathway to several federal contracts for small businesses. The procurement process is quite narrow and various federal contracts are kept exclusively for smaller business units. The business will consider smaller dollar buys. Simplified acquisitions are generally reserved for smaller dollar buys. Moreover, they can be utilized for the purchase of various commercial goods priced as 5 million US dollar. The small business organization can reserve the services and supplies between 2500 US dollar and 100,000 US dollar through this simplified acquisition method. This simplified acquisition method will help the small organization to rese rve the services and supplies as long as the officer of federal contract can attain several competitive offers from more than one small organization. Simplified acquisition method does not stick to a specific set of buying process (Rumbaugh, 2010). Major advantage of this method is that government officials can develop and pay blanket purchase agreements, purchase cards, purchase orders and cash for simplified acquisition methods. The small business organization can present contracting officials along with a quotation in order to win the contract through simplified acquisition method. Question 2: Analyze all parts and sections of the uniform contract format that could present a problem in this scenario. Suggest how you will adjust your approach to turn the problems you have identified into strengths for your small company. There are four parts of Uniform Contact Format such as The Schedule, Contract Clauses, List of exhibits, documents and other attachments, and representations and instruction. The small business can face several problems associated with contract clauses. Several break free clauses can create payment and cost recovery issues. In lump-sum payment issues the contractors can be engaged by the hirer based on \several exclusive aspects. If the hirer decides that the services of contractors are not necessary for a long-term, they can terminate the contractors. In this case, the contractor needs to be compensated by the hirer with a lump-sum compensation amount. This compensation amount can cross the limit of 1000 US dollar against the termination (Clifford & Warner, 2008). This termination can result in huge operating cost that can affect the business performance of the small organization. On the other hand, cost recovery issue can be a serious problem that can affect the business performance of the small business organization. In cost recovery process, contractor can be engaged by the hirers within the organization. In this case, if the hirer decid es that the long-term contract with the contractor is not necessary for future and terminates the contractor before the contract period then the hirers need to compensate the contractors for each and every reasonable cost. However, in both these cases, the organization has to face huge loss that can affect the performance of organization. Moreover, it can reduce the business output. It is clear from above discussion that several contract clauses issues can limit the business output of the organization. The organization needs to build trust among every shareholder to overcome the issues. Breach of contract can create several legal challenges. The organization

Costs and Benefits Associated with ERP Systems - Advanced Accounting Essay

Costs and Benefits Associated with ERP Systems - Advanced Accounting Information systems - Essay Example P.Regardless of the reason that has contributed to need of searching a new ERP, the fundamental question to be kept in mind is how the ERP will cost (Busco et al., 2007). The cost of an ERP varies depending on different factors. These factors include the size of the company; type of solution needed for instance the more specialized the solution is the pricier the ERP will be. The needed resources also contributes to the decision to be made regarding the ERP.The more external resources are the more costlier the ERP is.The level of customization is also an a factor determining the cost of an ERP (Nixon, 2012). There is the purchase cost and the licensing cost. When an ERP is purchased, licenses for the Database Management System need to be bought separately. Often, the licenses are excluded in purchase price of the software since it is distinct product developed by a different company. There are two types of users’ license in the ERP; the named user and parallel operator. Respective worker has to require an authorization to be able to use the software in the named user licensing. In a parallel user licensing, there has to be a password available to each connected user (Li, 2011). There are also infrastructure related costs. The infrastructure cost incorporates all the required hardware to ride the ERP. However, this will fluctuate for each company, but the following should be included irrespective of the company. Firstly, there is server infrastructure cost, the cost of storage, the cost of backups and new desktop computers, or the computers that require upgrading. The infrastructure costs are responsible for about ten to twenty of an ERP implementation project (Li, 2011). There are also human resources. Human resources accounts for the greatest ERP implementation budget. Consultant costs and the employees’ wages consume more than fifty percent of the total ERP cost. Internal resources cost is also a cost related to ERP. The wages of employees should cater

Win the Contract for a small business (Small remote control aircraft Essay

Win the Contract for a small business (Small remote control aircraft capable of long sustained flights) - Essay Example The organization is trying to expand their business operations by competing for Department of Defense contracts. The organization is trying to bid on a contract which is worth of more than 600,000 US dollar. Simplified acquisition method will be appropriate in this case based on the business scenario as simplified acquisition provides effective and easiest pathway to several federal contracts for small businesses. The procurement process is quite narrow and various federal contracts are kept exclusively for smaller business units. The business will consider smaller dollar buys. Simplified acquisitions are generally reserved for smaller dollar buys. Moreover, they can be utilized for the purchase of various commercial goods priced as 5 million US dollar. The small business organization can reserve the services and supplies between 2500 US dollar and 100,000 US dollar through this simplified acquisition method. This simplified acquisition method will help the small organization to rese rve the services and supplies as long as the officer of federal contract can attain several competitive offers from more than one small organization. Simplified acquisition method does not stick to a specific set of buying process (Rumbaugh, 2010). Major advantage of this method is that government officials can develop and pay blanket purchase agreements, purchase cards, purchase orders and cash for simplified acquisition methods. The small business organization can present contracting officials along with a quotation in order to win the contract through simplified acquisition method. Question 2: Analyze all parts and sections of the uniform contract format that could present a problem in this scenario. Suggest how you will adjust your approach to turn the problems you have identified into strengths for your small company. There are four parts of Uniform Contact Format such as The Schedule, Contract Clauses, List of exhibits, documents and other attachments, and representations and instruction. The small business can face several problems associated with contract clauses. Several break free clauses can create payment and cost recovery issues. In lump-sum payment issues the contractors can be engaged by the hirer based on \several exclusive aspects. If the hirer decides that the services of contractors are not necessary for a long-term, they can terminate the contractors. In this case, the contractor needs to be compensated by the hirer with a lump-sum compensation amount. This compensation amount can cross the limit of 1000 US dollar against the termination (Clifford & Warner, 2008). This termination can result in huge operating cost that can affect the business performance of the small organization. On the other hand, cost recovery issue can be a serious problem that can affect the business performance of the small business organization. In cost recovery process, contractor can be engaged by the hirers within the organization. In this case, if the hirer decid es that the long-term contract with the contractor is not necessary for future and terminates the contractor before the contract period then the hirers need to compensate the contractors for each and every reasonable cost. However, in both these cases, the organization has to face huge loss that can affect the performance of organization. Moreover, it can reduce the business output. It is clear from above discussion that several contract clauses issues can limit the business output of the organization. The organization needs to build trust among every shareholder to overcome the issues. Breach of contract can create several legal challenges. The organization

Confucius vs Taoism Essay Example for Free

Confucius vs Taoism Essay Good governance and political system has always been a cry for many nations especially developing countries Zambia inclusive. It is believed that good governance yield more economic and social development. Numerous scholars have written a number of books concerning good governance. Confucius believed to have been born in 551 BCE in Zou, Shandong Province and Lao Tzu said to have lived in the sixth century BCE are such examples of people who attempted to contribute to how people should be governed. Thus, this essay analyses the kinds of governments proposed by Confucius and Leo Tzu. Thereafter, it shall select one which is appropriate for the Zambian government and explains why it is ideal for the Zambian government. Although Confucius had a great education and became a teacher, teaching earned him little money and he was forced to take on other jobs. Before he died, there is evidence that he had many students who traveled around with him. However, Matt Rank (2007) argues that Confucius himself never achieved a very high office in government. He spent many years of his life trying to achieve a change in society through the right leadership, but he was never able to find a leader who would listen to him. Dubs H.Homer (1946; 275), on the other hand asserts that Confucius came to be appointed to the minor position of governor of a town. Eventually, he rose to the position of Minister of Crime in 501 BC. However, Confucius proposed through what might be called the bible of Confucianism the Analects, how the government and people generally should live in society. The Analects contains the wisdom of Confucius as written down by his students while he was alive and after he was alive. Its clear that Confucius prioritized certain principles over others. He was not concerned with the ingenuity of humanity, with whats been invented or thought up. He was not concerned with who is more intelligent than whom. He would have been unimpressed by Einstein. For Confucius, human society begins with (and is sustained by) society, government, custom, and personal virtue. Confucius was probably the most obvious humanistic philosopher. He emphasized the idea that humans could change and better their present circumstances through their own intelligence and effort. Confucius was, in modern terminology, a down-to-earth philosopher. He reasoned that we should not think about things outside of the realm of immediate human existence. Confucius stressed the social over the individual. Confucius political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argues that the best government is one that rules through rites and peoples natural morality, rather than by using bribery and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of the shame, and moreover will become good. (James Legge 1880; 345). This sense of shame is an internalisation of duty, where the punishment precedes the evil action, instead of following it in the form of laws as in Legalism. â€Å"Lead the people with administrative injunctions and put them in their place with penal law, and they will avoid punishments but will be without a sense of shame. Lead them with excellence and put them in their place through roles and ritual practices, and in addition to developing a sense of shame, they will order themselves harmoniously. † (Analects II, 3) Confucius asserts that an emperor would rule, and his rule would be established through benevolence and virtue. Even though laws could be instituted and punishments for breaking each said law would be enforced, the only true way for people to follow what was good was to see that their leader was good. In other words, Confucius taught that rulers should lead by example, and this was the only way a truly great empire could be created at last. Confucius taught his students about the old ways. He thought that the social hierarchies of the ancients were what kept society intact. To us, this might seem a conservative positionkeep the old, reject the newbut during his time it was a more radical position. This is partly because Confucius advocated moving away from worshipping spirits and ghosts, and embracing that part of Chinese wisdom that focused on ceremony and personal virtue. While he supported the idea of government by an all-powerful sage, ruling as an Emperor, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for according language with truth, and honesty was of paramount importance. Even in facial expression, truth must always be represented. Confucius believed that if a ruler were to lead correctly, by action, that orders would be deemed unnecessary in that others will follow the proper actions of their ruler. In discussing the relationship between a king and his subject (or a father and his son), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the inferior must give advice to his superior if the superior was considered to be taking the course of action that was wrong. Confucius believed in ruling by example, if you lead correctly, orders are unnecessary and useless. Confucius proposed another new idea that of meritocracy, led to the introduction of the Imperial examination system in China. This system allowed anyone who passed an examination to become a government officer, a position which would bring wealth and honor to the whole family. Having looked at Confucius’ way of governance on the other hand, Lao – Tzu’s philosophical teachings were more religious than political. However, potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Lao Tzu to deny serving any ruler at any time. Lao Tzus most famous follower in traditional accounts had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Politically Lao Tzu advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Lao Tzu teachings on the power of the weak. James A. Dorn(2008;45) states that Lao Tzu proposed that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony. He also asserts that wisdom and understanding of the opposition between political power and the cultural activities of the people and community. In his 1910 article for the Encyclopedia Britannica, Peter Kropotkin also noted that Lao Tzu was among the earliest exponents of essentially anarchist concepts. More recently, anarchists such as John P. Clark and Ursula K. Le Guin have written about the conjunction between anarchism and Taoism in various ways, highlighting the teachings of Lao Tzu in particular. In her translation of the Tao Te Ching, Le Guin writes that Lao Tzu does not see political power as magic. He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power, and power as available to anyone who follows the Way. No wonder anarchists and Taoists make good friends. Le Guin, Ursula K. (2009; 20) Having looked at both Confucius and Lao Tzu’s kinds of government proposals, it is clear that the government proposed by Confucius is ideal for the Zambian government. Confucius sought to become an advisor to a ruler and directly to change society for the better, using heroes of the past as models (Moore Bruder, 2005; 503). According to the text; Tzus vision to change society was very different than Confucius. Moore Bruder (2005) state that, Tzus ideas are used to gain power and stay in power. This kind of government will not promote democracy as preached by Zambia to the rest of the world through its democratic free and fair election. Confucius embraced education and according to the text, was committed to the study of wise men at a young age. This is very ideal for Zambia because leadership skills will be learnt at a tender age and people will know what is required of them when they ascend to government offices. Moore Bruder (2005) state that, Confucius supposed that a person can always improve themselves through education and study. According to the text, he believed that once a person had knowledge of the Tao they had a purpose and would not leave this world in vain. Confucius believed also in a philosophy of helping others and treating others in the way that one would want to be treated themselves (Moore Bruder, 2005). For example, if a person wants kindness shown to them they should show kindness to other people. Likewise, according to Confucius, A virtuous man wishing to establish himself seeks also to establish others, and wishing to enlighten himself, seeks also to enlighten others' (Moore Bruder, 2005; 512 ). In conclusion, it is clear that Confucianism is more persuasive because he believed in education and that everyone can better themselves. The philosophy of Taoism concluded that not everyone can attain wisdom and Tzu did not feel that his philosophy needed to be improved upon. I was also more persuaded by Confucius because he believed in the kindness of others; treat others as you would like to be treated. Lao Tzu (Taoism) these were ways to change the world; he instead believed you must obtain power. A good philosopher has respect for anothers views and Confucius showed appreciation for Lao Tzus philosophies while it seemed Tzu was more bent on convincing Confucius he was wrong in his beliefs. For these reasons I was more persuaded by Confucianism than Taoism. Reference Dubs Homer (1946). The political career of Confucius. Journal of the American Oriental Society 66 (4). James Legge (1880). The religions of China: Confucianism and Taoism described and compared with Christianity. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Le Guin, Ursula K. (2009), Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching: A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, Washington, D. C: Shambhala Publications Inc. Moore, B. N. Bruder, K. (2005). Philosophy: The power of ideas (6th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Roberts, Moss (2004), Dao De Jing: The Book of the Way, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Vehicle Suspension Is The Mechanism Engineering Essay

Vehicle Suspension Is The Mechanism Engineering Essay This suspension system will fulfil their task by allow the forces to be distributed when the wheels are rotating on the ground, complying with design specification in every load state. Also we have the geometric variation of the body position from the trim which is caused by the static and quasi static forces, these three coordinates of the centre of gravity and three angles of the body reference system which is yaw, pitch and angle. These three angles are included under the vehicle static. The main work of suspension is to absorb the shocks and irregularities that are transferred to the body, this is accomplished by the damping systems. Normally it is possible that the tyre alone can isolate the shocks that are coming from the road, but this can only be accomplished when the vehicle is driven at a smooth road and at very low speed. Because tyres damping properties are not good enough to handle the road shocks, that is why we have suspension system, this allows the wheels to rotate freely, very safe and comfortable for driving. The basic different types of suspension systems are available today. These are semi Independent, dependant and independent suspension (Genta Morello, 2009, p. 153). Front Wheel Drive Diagram According to May, 2005, p. 470 state that, when we speak about suspension we have to include the terms sprung and unsprung weight. Sprung mass indicates as the weight of the vehicle that is supported by the springs including the frame, body and everything attached to them including the parts of the suspension and unsprung mass refers as the weight of the suspension components such as the wheels, tyres and brakes on which the springs rest, or all the parts of the suspension that are not supported by the springs The independent suspension As the name suggest the wheels in this system are attached independently, and this helps to reduce the impact that is transferred to the other wheel when the vehicle travels through road irregularities. This system involves McPherson strut, double wishbone and multilink. The strut contains shock absorber and spring is located by a ball joint, which is built in to the end of the suspension arm while the rubber mounting is moulded at the other end. This is one of the few reasons that make the suspension parts of this system work freely and it makes this by far the most common type of suspension in the market today. (3D auto.com, 2006). The negative part is it is required more solid chassis or sub frame structure, the slight change in wheel track causes the tyre to scrub during the bouncing of one wheel and the alignment of the steering geometry is critical and needs more attention (Crankshaft). http://www.autolign.co.nz/images/NolathaneIndRear2.gif Independent suspension system Dependent suspension This system usually connects the two wheels that are paralleled to each other on the same rigid straight and perpendicular axle, because all mechanical linkage work together, this can affect the movement of the other wheel when the vehicle road shocks or irregularities occur. Due to its ruggedness, this system is mostly often used on heavy truck, SUVs and rear wheel drive cars (Blue Ribbon Motoring LLC, 2010). http://img.alibaba.com/photo/51011605/Front_Dependent_Air_Suspension.jpg Dependent suspension system Semi independent suspensions: This systems utilizes a cross member that joins the two trailing arms. Regardless of the solid connection with the cross member and the trailing arms, the cross member will always twist with each up and down movement of the wheels. This twisting activity will give semi independent movement as well as stabilizer effect. The purpose of this suspension is to limit the body displacement to a minimum. This helps to increase the vehicle stability. Suspensions system can also be classified as passive or active. Passive suspension system involves shock absorber and spring. These two elements are passive because they cannot add energy to this type of suspension system and passive suspension is the one that receives the energy from sources like engine which affects the body motion. This limits the motion close to its static equilibrium (Genta Morello, 2009, p.358). The following diagrams are examples of passive and active suspension: Passive suspension system Active suspension system http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v25/v25-11.pdf(pictures) SUSPENSION COMPONENTS: Coil springs: These are basically heavy wound steel wire used to support the weight of the vehicle as well as to absorb energy from road shocks or vibration between the road and the vehicle body. Springs usually located between control arms and chassis or around McPherson strut. They can be conical or spiral wound, constant rate or uneven rate, changeable pitch spacing and variable wire thickness. Coil springs can be customised and also be used in different variations and arrangement in the suspension system (Ciulla, 2002). Damping members When the vehicle travels through road shocks, the energy is given to the spring that is deflected, the spring creates an oscillating motion that results affects the handling and comfortability of the car. To stop this, damping members (shock absorbers) are installed. They are designed to store this oscillation energy and let the spring to return to its natural state. Few different types of shock absorbers are available today. These are hydraulic, lever type and telescopic direct acting type (Hillier, 1991, p. 364) http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/car-suspension-8.gif Leaf spring: This type of spring is mainly used in the heavy and commercial vehicles. It is made up of one or more flat leaves or bent toughened steel or plates of composite material that are attached at the ends to the vehicle under body. It connects the vehicle frame to the axle by using the U bolt that secures the metal plates that rest against the leaf springs. The U bolt also keeps the spring level against the axle, this helps to stop the vehicle from shaking under the load when driving. It has a hook end that makes it flexible when the road shocks and vibration occur. The leaf spring shape allows them to flex and absorb bumps. This type of spring is very reliable and strong in carrying heavy loads, they also help in spreading the load on all over the chassis while the coil spring just transmit it to a single point (Spring-makers-resource.net). Torsion bar: These are usually metal bars which act as a spring and can also be moved about its axis through twisting. The main job is to resist the torque placed on the vehicle by twist it along its axis. This torque is created by the force when the vehicle is moving, once the torque has been counteracted, it normally returns to its natural state. This provides the resistance level to the forces that are generated by the movement of the vehicle. The major disadvantage of the torsion bar is it cannot provide the progressive spring rate while the progressive torsion bars have a tendency to crack when the diameter of the bar changes (CDX Online eTextbook). Anti roll bar/Sway bar/Stabiliser: This is fitted underneath the front and rear of the vehicle, connected at the lower control arm. They operate together with shock absorbers/struts to provide the vehicle with at most stability as well as body roll and improve cornering traction. When the wheels move at different angles from the other, an anti sway bar helps it in maintaining the balance and stability in case of a bad movement or a sway of the vehicle. It can also help in reducing over steer or under steer when the correct anti roll bars are chosen. They are fitted tightly and tend to give a bumpy ride as it transfers force direct to the other wheel. The tighter it is the safer the vehicle is from rolling (Turnfast.com, 2008). http://www.jamesglass.org/JGA/2labor/Z_laborIMAGES/00general/0-5_glossary/antiroll_bar.jpg Air spring: The air spring is designed to provide a vibration free and a smooth ride with a preset constant frame height. It also helps to reduce the spring oscillation so that the steering control is not compromised. It can work as a mechanical leaf type spring or used with them. The air spring system helps to reduce the road shock transfer to the chassis, cargo and the driver. In addition to that it can be easily adjusted according to the load and road conditions by using a height control valve. Other major components used in this system are pressure regulator, air lines and air springs. Zero stability to dampen suspension oscillation is the main disadvantage of this system and shock absorber is used to overcome this (Bennet, 2007, p. 268). http://www.streetrodparts.tv/400-ap-35-48-Ford-Mustang.gif Bushes: These are the linkage between the vehicle, springs, struts and shock absorbers. They tend to provide the movement point of the vehicle as well as avoiding metal to metal contact between the body and the suspension links. They are designed to be soft enough to maintain the alignments settings that help in maintaining steering control and allow the adequate rotational movement. Bushes are usually fitted where ever there is a metal to metal contact. However, the main disadvantage is, it is wearing out after some time and thus need to be replaced and it can be expensive and hard job depends on the types of bushes or where they are going to be fitted (Autolign). Common locations of vehicle bushes. http://www.autolign.co.nz/images/Bushes_000.jpg Ball joints: The main job for the ball joint is to enable the suspension to move on any angle or rotating the coupling that is usually the interface between knuckle and a control arm in a vehicle suspension. It performs as the pivot point between the suspension and the tyre and this helps in improving the performance (TRW Automotive, 2010). ball joints Control arms: This is normally connects the body chassis to the suspension of the vehicle. COMMON SUSPENSION SYSTEM TYPES: Trailing arm: This normally connected at the front of the chassis, it allows the rear to move up and down. Two of these become double trailing systems arm and usually work precisely the same as the double wishbone. The arms of this system can be seen from the side of the chassis, travel back equivalent to it. However it takes a lot of room underneath but it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t experience the side to side scrubbing setback as the double wishbone systems (Longhurst, 2010). Trailing arm car suspension McPherson struts: This type of suspension is the further development of double wishbone, the higher transverse link is replaced by a pivot point on the wheel house panel, that takes the end of the piston road and the coil spring, this create the forces from all directions to be concentrated at this point and this causes a bending stress in the piston road. When this happens, a normal rod diameter in shock absorber must be increased by at least 18mm from 11 mm, this will avoid the detrimental elastic camber and camber exchanges. The parts of this system are usually combined into one assembly while its negative point is it takes a lot of room underneath the car (Reimpell, Stoll Betzler, 2001, p. 10). MacPherson Strut Double wishbone: This is an independently system, usually the wheel is directed by a pair of triangulated wishbones and track road. The lower wishbone is connected to the strut and this offers the vertical support. The sporty set up design of this system is due to its generous through loading width and a low height. This has a beneficial effect on for motion drive, the transmission of high active forces and road-holding. It also provides camber control that gives a better handling. The negative point is it can engage a space and expensive to design (Volkswagen Canada, 2010) http://www.autolign.co.nz/images/Bushtype1.jpg Multilink suspension: This is originated from the double wishbone, the suspension links use more than three lateral arms and more than one longitudinal arms, and these can be in various length and the angle can be away from their natural directions. The arms are normally connected by spherical joint or bushing at each end and this stopping them from bending, it also allows them to work in tension and compression. The pivots in this suspension are designed to allow the spindle to turn for the steering and change the geometry of the suspension by provide torque in all suspension arms. Different car manufactures have different designs. The main positive aspect is this system lets the vehicle to flex more, better handling because of the multi links while the negative part is it is more expensive to design and manufacture due to its complexity (Raiciu, 2009) Multi Link Transverse leaf spring: This system was used during the old days, it involves leaf spring and independent double wishbone together. The leaf spring is connected at each end of the lower wishbone and is mounted across the vehicle. A sub frame in the middle of the car is connected by the centre of the spring and each of the shock absorbers is mounted at each side of the lower wishbones (Longhurst, 2010) Transverse leaf spring suspension Solid-axle: leaf spring This provides an easy way of placing and mounting the hub and wheel units. Along with coil or leaf springs can create an effective non independent suspension system. The drive is transferred through the final drive unit and axles to the wheels, and this situation causes the axle to become a live axle. The torque reaction which is caused by a vehicle when it accelerates, causing a housing of the axle to spin in the opposite of the wheel rotation. During braking, a similar result can occur but with the twisting result in the way of wheel rotation. This can cause the twisting of the leaf spring and this can result in obstructing with the suspension motion ((CDX Online eTextbook). Transverse leaf spring suspension Solid-axle: coil spring This system has replaced leaf springs because they are lighter and have less unsprung weight that provides a comfortable ride but they cannot hold the axle in line. It is mainly used in the rear wheel drive vehicles. It is normally comes with one or more control arms and two lower control arms that manage the side movement and axle motion. The track bar may be needed when one upper arm is used, this connects the vehicle from one end to the other end. In reducing the vibration, rubber bushing can be used as the suspension travels through road irregularities. The track bar is not required when two upper arms are used (Monroe technology driven safety, 2008) The rear coil spring suspension is a variation of the rear leaf spring suspension often found in rear- Solid axle coil spring suspension diagram Beam axle: In this suspension the pair of front two wheels are connected to each other using a solid axle. This results in no camber loss from body roll because the wheels are always perpendicular to the road. It is also very simple structure since it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t contain many parts, it is very strong and can be very useful in carrying bigger loads. The disadvantages of this suspension is, it is too big thus gives a lot of mass and takes a lot of space, since it is a dependent suspension the force from one wheel can be transmitted to the other wheel and this can result in an uncomfortable ride and reducing the vehicle stability in cornering (Lowry, 2004) http://www.automotivearticles.com/uploads/beam_axle_img_001.jpg Hydropneumatic suspension: This was originally invented by Citroen. The system compresses a gas rather than a fluid. The hydraulic fluid normally provide levelling and damping while the gas becomes a spring. Sometime this system can be driven using an engine driven pump that causes the hydraulic system to be pressurised and this assists it in levelling on the different height, jack assisting and stop the body roll. Fully powered braking system and power steering can also be available. The rear and front unit contains hydrolastic displacers, a small bore pipe is used to interconnect these displacers, and each displacer incorporates a rubber spring. The pipes, rubber, and fluid that are featured in this system always act as a damping system. The rubber springs are to keep the car level and freed from any tendency pitch. It can perform this without hinder the complete range of activity on any suspension and this provides the soft ride. The negative points are, it can be expensive to fix or replace it and sometime it does require a very well trained person to deal with (Marsh, 2001). Dynamic suspension This type of suspension is commonly used in Audi A4. It contains aluminium materials that are used to reduce an unsprung weight to the minimum. The differential in this system is moved to the front and the clutch to the rear, and the front axle has been repositioned 154 mm farther forward. Optimisation of axle-load distribution is achieved by relocating the car battery in the boot. By having additional differential at the rear, weight distribution is even better balanced. These vehicles will be more responsive and will take less effort to guide and position, resulting in better handling and very low under steer and gives good traction when cornering http://www.audiworld.com/news/07/b8-a4-in-depth/suspension/A4070151_medium.jpg (Audi AG, 2007) ELECTRONIC AND ACTIVE SUSPENSIONS This type of suspension is operated by the computer, which collects the data from different sensors such as how fast the vehicle is turning, speed of the wheels rotation, pitch, roll and height information. A simple system only involves maintaining the height level of the vehicle whereas, the four wheel height adjustment system can improves ground clearance when off road and minimises aerodynamic drag and economical fuel consumption. Suspension systems that are electronically controlled tend to be more expensive and are usually found in high performance and luxury cars. Active suspension systems are the most recent developments that involve microprocessing. This varies the orifice size of the restrictor valve in a hydraulic suspension or shock absorber which causes the effective spring rate to change, lateral force, load, acceleration, or a driver preference vehicle speed can be control inputs for the processor ( http://automobiles.mapsofindia.com/useful-information/modern-suspension-system.html FUTURE SUSPENSION: Active Electromagnetic Electromagnetic suspension that combines a passive spring with a brushless tubular permanent magnet actuator. During cornering and braking this system gives more safety and stability by presenting a pitch and an active roll. It can also eliminate the road shocks by due to the measurements, static and dynamic specifications of the actuator are developed. The fulfilling of the thermal and volume specifications can be completed by using a slot less external-magnet tubular actuator (http://alexandria.tue.nl/openaccess/Metis230153.pdf) (Koji, Masaharu, Takaaaki, 2006) INTEGRATED KINETIC TM H2 CES SYSTEM: This system is an interconnected passive reactive system that controls damping and reducing high roll and articulation stiffness. The tyre load optimisation improves performance. This is achieved by replacing four double-acting hydraulic cylinders each with two integrated CES damper valves on antiroll bars and shock absorbers. An automatic pressure maintenance unit (APMU), and a pair of accumulators with valves and interconnected hydraulic lines. The flow is restricted by the two CES valves in each corner, this allows the better performance and good handling. In addition to that, the CES damper valves are electronically controlled by the intelligent control algorithms in order to allow the wheel motions and a body control (Tenneco). Sustainability: Recycling: Conclusion: